Questions and Answers
What is Learning?
A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.
Which of the following are ways we learn? (Select all that apply)
What is Stimulus-Stimulus Learning?
Learning to associate one stimulus with another.
What is Response-Consequence Learning?
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What is Classical Conditioning?
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Who is Ivan Pavlov?
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Who is John Watson?
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Who is B.F. Skinner?
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What is an Unconditioned Stimulus (US)?
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What is an Unconditioned Response (UR)?
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What is a Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?
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What is a Conditioned Response (CR)?
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What is Acquisition?
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When the US (food) does not follow the CS (tone), CR (salivation) begins to decrease and eventually causes ______________.
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After a rest period, an extinguished CR (salivation) ____________________.
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Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS is called ________________.
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_________________ is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
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What concept did John Watson use from Pavlov's work?
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What are Cognitive Processes?
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What is Operant Conditioning?
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Study Notes
Learning
- Represents a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
- More adaptable compared to genetically programmed behaviors.
How Do We Learn?
- Involves the natural association of events occurring in sequence.
- Requires cognitive processes for effective associative learning.
Stimulus-Stimulus Learning
- The process of learning to connect one stimulus with another.
Response-Consequence Learning
- Involves associating a specific response with its consequence.
Classical Conditioning
- A learning method where two stimuli are repeatedly paired.
- A response originally elicited by the second stimulus eventually occurs from the first stimulus alone.
Ivan Pavlov
- Highlighted for contributions to Classical Conditioning.
- Noted for observing dogs salivating at the sight of food, linking it to conditioning.
John Watson
- Known as the Father of Behaviorism focusing on observable behavior instead of internal mental states.
- Conducted the Little Albert Experiment, demonstrating conditioned emotions.
B.F. Skinner
- Recognized for operant conditioning, emphasizing behavior changes through reinforcers or consequences.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
- A stimulus that instinctively triggers a response without prior learning.
Unconditioned Response (UR)
- A natural response to an unconditioned stimulus, such as a dog's salivation upon tasting food.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
- Initially neutral, this stimulus triggers a conditioned response following its association with the unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Response (CR)
- A learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus.
Acquisition
- The first stage in classical conditioning, where an association forms between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
Extinction
- Occurs when the unconditioned stimulus does not follow the conditioned stimulus, leading to a decrease in the conditioned response.
Spontaneous Recovery
- After a pause, a previously extinguished conditioned response can reappear; however, if the conditioned stimulus continues without reinforcement, the response may extinguish again.
Stimulus Generalization
- The tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus, as shown in Pavlov's experiments with various stimulation areas on dogs.
Stimulus Discrimination
- Refers to the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not indicate an unconditioned stimulus.
John Watson - Behaviorism
- Expanded on Pavlov’s classical conditioning to explain human emotions and behavior as conditioned responses influenced by biology.
- Demonstrated conditioning of specific fears through the Little Albert study.
Cognitive Processes
- Encompasses complex activities that influence mental content and actions.
Operant Conditioning
- Also known as instrumental learning; involves learning through rewards and punishments, motivating behavior modification based on outcomes.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to classical learning theories. It includes important definitions and mechanisms such as associative learning and ways organisms adapt their behaviors based on experiences. Test your understanding of how learning processes shape behavior.
