Classical Conditioning in Psychology
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Questions and Answers

What did Watson believe about emotions and behaviors?

  • They are a combination of inborn and learned responses
  • They are mostly inborn and unchangeable
  • They are mostly learned responses, shaped by our environment (correct)
  • They are primarily influenced by genetics

    • What is the main purpose of a Skinner box?

  • To study operant conditioning by recording animals' responses to rewards and punishments (correct)
  • To show the difference between reinforcement and punishment
  • To demonstrate the power of reinforcement in learning
  • To study classical conditioning

    • What is reinforcement in operant conditioning?

  • Anything that makes a behavior less likely to happen again
  • A type of classical conditioning used to learn new behaviors
  • A type of punishment used to discourage behavior
  • Anything that makes a behavior more likely to happen again (correct)

    • What did Watson show in the Little Albert experiment?

    <p>That fear can be learned through classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind operant conditioning?

    <p>Behavior is influenced by rewards or punishments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is behavioral technology?

    <p>Methods and devices for studying and influencing behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of learning to connect different things in your environment?

    <p>Classical Conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when you respond the same way to similar things after making an association?

    <p>Generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of learning to tell the difference between things?

    <p>Discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can Pavlov's principles influence health and well-being?

    <p>By associating certain stimuli with mental and physical health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of how classical conditioning can be used in addiction therapy?

    <p>By avoiding environments that trigger cravings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of how classical conditioning can be used in immunology?

    <p>By associating a certain taste with a drug that affects the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way in which observational learning takes place?

    <p>By watching others and imitating their behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main finding of the Bobo doll experiment?

    <p>Children imitated aggressive behavior towards the doll after observing adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which we learn to copy actions by watching others?

    <p>Imitation learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely function of mirror neurons in the brain?

    <p>To fire both when we perform an action and when we observe others performing the same action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a prosocial behavior that can be learned through observational learning?

    <p>Teaching someone a new skill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is a famous psychologist known for his work on observational learning?

    <p>Albert Bandura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of forgetting occurs when information doesn't get stored in our memory in the first place?

    <p>Encoding failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which memories fade over time?

    <p>Storage decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the brain when memories are formed?

    <p>Physical changes occur, creating memory traces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can contribute to encoding failure due to a lack of attention?

    <p>Distractions while learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of forgetting involves unconsciously or consciously forgetting something?

    <p>Motivated forgetting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to information if we don't pay attention to it?

    <p>It doesn't get stored in our memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fluid intelligence?

    <p>The ability to think quickly and solve new problems without relying on previous knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does fluid intelligence tend to decrease significantly?

    <p>75</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an intellectual disability characterized by?

    <p>Scoring significantly below average on intelligence tests and having trouble with day-to-day living</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an intellectual disability often associated with a lower IQ?

    <p>Down syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the U.S. Supreme Court recognize regarding IQ scores?

    <p>That using a fixed IQ number to make serious decisions is not perfect and that other evidence should be considered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the low extreme of intelligence involve difficulty with?

    <p>Difficulty with conceptual skills, social skills, and practical skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can learning associations between environmental stimuli influence?

    <p>Both mental and physical health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a result of generalization in classical conditioning?

    <p>Responding the same way to similar things</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of setting a realistic goal in behavior modification?

    <p>To ensure the desired behavior can be measured and tracked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of psychological influences on learning?

    <p>To influence our past experiences and what we've learned before</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can help a recovering alcoholic in addiction therapy?

    <p>Avoiding bars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the natural limits on what behaviors can be trained through operant conditioning?

    <p>Biological constraints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can associate a taste with a drug that affects the immune system?

    <p>Any of the senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of learning to tell the difference between things in classical conditioning?

    <p>Not responding to similar things</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of reducing rewards gradually in operant conditioning?

    <p>The desired behavior becomes a habit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a social-cultural influence on learning?

    <p>Being around hard-working people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be influenced by the associations we make in our environment?

    <p>Both motivation and consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a result of associating a certain chair with relaxation?

    <p>Feeling relaxed in the chair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for when animals, including people, go back to their natural behaviors after being trained?

    <p>Instinctive drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of monitoring progress in behavior modification?

    <p>To track progress towards the desired behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be used to influence health and well-being?

    <p>Only classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of reinforcement in behavior modification?

    <p>To give a reward for desired behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reinforcer is naturally rewarding and does not require learning?

    <p>Primary reinforcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reinforcement schedule involves a reward after a set number of responses?

    <p>Fixed-ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a conditioned reinforcer?

    <p>Money that can buy food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reinforcement involves taking away something bad to increase a behavior?

    <p>Negative reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule?

    <p>A sale every Tuesday</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between immediate and delayed reinforcement?

    <p>Timing of the reward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reinforcement schedule involves rewards at random time periods?

    <p>Variable-interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a negative reinforcer?

    <p>The car beeping when you don't buckle your seatbelt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind Gardner's Multiple Intelligences theory?

    <p>Intelligence is composed of multiple abilities that come in different packages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intelligence is most relevant to a scientist's work?

    <p>Analytical intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of emotional intelligence?

    <p>To use emotions to assist thinking and problem-solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of high bodily-kinesthetic intelligence?

    <p>A dancer who performs complex routines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between Sternberg's three types of intelligence?

    <p>Type of thinking involved in solving the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between analytical and practical intelligence?

    <p>Analytical intelligence is used in academic settings, while practical intelligence is used in real-world situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of using emotional intelligence?

    <p>A therapist who is able to understand their client's emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of having high emotional intelligence?

    <p>It improves relationships with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a standardized test?

    <p>To ensure consistent administration and scoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does crystallized intelligence primarily refer to?

    <p>The accumulation of knowledge and verbal skills over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a reliable test?

    <p>It gives consistent results over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of validity in test construction?

    <p>To ensure that the test measures what it claims to measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between standardized and reliable tests?

    <p>Standardized tests focus on consistent administration, while reliable tests focus on consistent results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a principle of test construction that ensures a test measures what it claims to measure?

    <p>Validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a standardized test to measure intelligence?

    <p>It allows for accurate comparison with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability to remember things quickly?

    <p>Working memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

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