70 Questions
What did Watson believe about emotions and behaviors?
They are mostly learned responses, shaped by our environment
What is the main purpose of a Skinner box?
To study operant conditioning by recording animals' responses to rewards and punishments
What is reinforcement in operant conditioning?
Anything that makes a behavior more likely to happen again
What did Watson show in the Little Albert experiment?
That fear can be learned through classical conditioning
What is the main idea behind operant conditioning?
Behavior is influenced by rewards or punishments
What is behavioral technology?
Methods and devices for studying and influencing behavior
What is the process of learning to connect different things in your environment?
Classical Conditioning
What happens when you respond the same way to similar things after making an association?
Generalization
What is the process of learning to tell the difference between things?
Discrimination
How can Pavlov's principles influence health and well-being?
By associating certain stimuli with mental and physical health
What is an example of how classical conditioning can be used in addiction therapy?
By avoiding environments that trigger cravings
What is an example of how classical conditioning can be used in immunology?
By associating a certain taste with a drug that affects the immune system
What is the primary way in which observational learning takes place?
By watching others and imitating their behavior
What was the main finding of the Bobo doll experiment?
Children imitated aggressive behavior towards the doll after observing adults
What is the term for the process by which we learn to copy actions by watching others?
Imitation learning
What is the likely function of mirror neurons in the brain?
To fire both when we perform an action and when we observe others performing the same action
What is an example of a prosocial behavior that can be learned through observational learning?
Teaching someone a new skill
Who is a famous psychologist known for his work on observational learning?
Albert Bandura
What type of forgetting occurs when information doesn't get stored in our memory in the first place?
Encoding failure
What is the term for the process by which memories fade over time?
Storage decay
What happens in the brain when memories are formed?
Physical changes occur, creating memory traces
What can contribute to encoding failure due to a lack of attention?
Distractions while learning
What type of forgetting involves unconsciously or consciously forgetting something?
Motivated forgetting
What happens to information if we don't pay attention to it?
It doesn't get stored in our memory
What is fluid intelligence?
The ability to think quickly and solve new problems without relying on previous knowledge
At what age does fluid intelligence tend to decrease significantly?
75
What is an intellectual disability characterized by?
Scoring significantly below average on intelligence tests and having trouble with day-to-day living
What is an example of an intellectual disability often associated with a lower IQ?
Down syndrome
What did the U.S. Supreme Court recognize regarding IQ scores?
That using a fixed IQ number to make serious decisions is not perfect and that other evidence should be considered
What does the low extreme of intelligence involve difficulty with?
Difficulty with conceptual skills, social skills, and practical skills
What can learning associations between environmental stimuli influence?
Both mental and physical health
What can be a result of generalization in classical conditioning?
Responding the same way to similar things
What is the primary goal of setting a realistic goal in behavior modification?
To ensure the desired behavior can be measured and tracked
What is the main role of psychological influences on learning?
To influence our past experiences and what we've learned before
What can help a recovering alcoholic in addiction therapy?
Avoiding bars
What is the term for the natural limits on what behaviors can be trained through operant conditioning?
Biological constraints
What can associate a taste with a drug that affects the immune system?
Any of the senses
What is the benefit of learning to tell the difference between things in classical conditioning?
Not responding to similar things
What is the result of reducing rewards gradually in operant conditioning?
The desired behavior becomes a habit
What is an example of a social-cultural influence on learning?
Being around hard-working people
What can be influenced by the associations we make in our environment?
Both motivation and consciousness
What can be a result of associating a certain chair with relaxation?
Feeling relaxed in the chair
What is the term for when animals, including people, go back to their natural behaviors after being trained?
Instinctive drift
What is the main purpose of monitoring progress in behavior modification?
To track progress towards the desired behavior
What can be used to influence health and well-being?
Only classical conditioning
What is the role of reinforcement in behavior modification?
To give a reward for desired behavior
Which type of reinforcer is naturally rewarding and does not require learning?
Primary reinforcer
What type of reinforcement schedule involves a reward after a set number of responses?
Fixed-ratio
What is an example of a conditioned reinforcer?
Money that can buy food
What type of reinforcement involves taking away something bad to increase a behavior?
Negative reinforcement
What is an example of a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule?
A sale every Tuesday
What is the difference between immediate and delayed reinforcement?
Timing of the reward
What type of reinforcement schedule involves rewards at random time periods?
Variable-interval
What is an example of a negative reinforcer?
The car beeping when you don't buckle your seatbelt
What is the main idea behind Gardner's Multiple Intelligences theory?
Intelligence is composed of multiple abilities that come in different packages.
Which type of intelligence is most relevant to a scientist's work?
Analytical intelligence
What is the primary function of emotional intelligence?
To use emotions to assist thinking and problem-solving
Which of the following is an example of high bodily-kinesthetic intelligence?
A dancer who performs complex routines
What is the primary distinction between Sternberg's three types of intelligence?
Type of thinking involved in solving the problem
What is the main difference between analytical and practical intelligence?
Analytical intelligence is used in academic settings, while practical intelligence is used in real-world situations
Which of the following is an example of using emotional intelligence?
A therapist who is able to understand their client's emotions
What is the primary benefit of having high emotional intelligence?
It improves relationships with others
What is the primary purpose of a standardized test?
To ensure consistent administration and scoring
What does crystallized intelligence primarily refer to?
The accumulation of knowledge and verbal skills over time
What is the primary characteristic of a reliable test?
It gives consistent results over time
What is the primary role of validity in test construction?
To ensure that the test measures what it claims to measure
What is the primary difference between standardized and reliable tests?
Standardized tests focus on consistent administration, while reliable tests focus on consistent results
What is an example of a principle of test construction that ensures a test measures what it claims to measure?
Validity
What is the primary advantage of using a standardized test to measure intelligence?
It allows for accurate comparison with others
What is the term for the ability to remember things quickly?
Working memory
Learn about classical conditioning, a fundamental concept in psychology that helps us understand how we associate and learn from our environment. Discover generalization and discrimination in classical conditioning.
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