Classical Conditioning in Psychology
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Questions and Answers

What did Watson believe about emotions and behaviors?

  • They are a combination of inborn and learned responses
  • They are mostly inborn and unchangeable
  • They are mostly learned responses, shaped by our environment (correct)
  • They are primarily influenced by genetics

What is the main purpose of a Skinner box?

  • To study operant conditioning by recording animals' responses to rewards and punishments (correct)
  • To show the difference between reinforcement and punishment
  • To demonstrate the power of reinforcement in learning
  • To study classical conditioning

What is reinforcement in operant conditioning?

  • Anything that makes a behavior less likely to happen again
  • A type of classical conditioning used to learn new behaviors
  • A type of punishment used to discourage behavior
  • Anything that makes a behavior more likely to happen again (correct)

What did Watson show in the Little Albert experiment?

<p>That fear can be learned through classical conditioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind operant conditioning?

<p>Behavior is influenced by rewards or punishments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is behavioral technology?

<p>Methods and devices for studying and influencing behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of learning to connect different things in your environment?

<p>Classical Conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when you respond the same way to similar things after making an association?

<p>Generalization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of learning to tell the difference between things?

<p>Discrimination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can Pavlov's principles influence health and well-being?

<p>By associating certain stimuli with mental and physical health (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of how classical conditioning can be used in addiction therapy?

<p>By avoiding environments that trigger cravings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of how classical conditioning can be used in immunology?

<p>By associating a certain taste with a drug that affects the immune system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way in which observational learning takes place?

<p>By watching others and imitating their behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding of the Bobo doll experiment?

<p>Children imitated aggressive behavior towards the doll after observing adults (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which we learn to copy actions by watching others?

<p>Imitation learning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely function of mirror neurons in the brain?

<p>To fire both when we perform an action and when we observe others performing the same action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a prosocial behavior that can be learned through observational learning?

<p>Teaching someone a new skill (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is a famous psychologist known for his work on observational learning?

<p>Albert Bandura (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of forgetting occurs when information doesn't get stored in our memory in the first place?

<p>Encoding failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which memories fade over time?

<p>Storage decay (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the brain when memories are formed?

<p>Physical changes occur, creating memory traces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can contribute to encoding failure due to a lack of attention?

<p>Distractions while learning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of forgetting involves unconsciously or consciously forgetting something?

<p>Motivated forgetting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to information if we don't pay attention to it?

<p>It doesn't get stored in our memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fluid intelligence?

<p>The ability to think quickly and solve new problems without relying on previous knowledge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does fluid intelligence tend to decrease significantly?

<p>75 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an intellectual disability characterized by?

<p>Scoring significantly below average on intelligence tests and having trouble with day-to-day living (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an intellectual disability often associated with a lower IQ?

<p>Down syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the U.S. Supreme Court recognize regarding IQ scores?

<p>That using a fixed IQ number to make serious decisions is not perfect and that other evidence should be considered (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the low extreme of intelligence involve difficulty with?

<p>Difficulty with conceptual skills, social skills, and practical skills (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can learning associations between environmental stimuli influence?

<p>Both mental and physical health (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a result of generalization in classical conditioning?

<p>Responding the same way to similar things (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of setting a realistic goal in behavior modification?

<p>To ensure the desired behavior can be measured and tracked (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of psychological influences on learning?

<p>To influence our past experiences and what we've learned before (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can help a recovering alcoholic in addiction therapy?

<p>Avoiding bars (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the natural limits on what behaviors can be trained through operant conditioning?

<p>Biological constraints (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can associate a taste with a drug that affects the immune system?

<p>Any of the senses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of learning to tell the difference between things in classical conditioning?

<p>Not responding to similar things (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of reducing rewards gradually in operant conditioning?

<p>The desired behavior becomes a habit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a social-cultural influence on learning?

<p>Being around hard-working people (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be influenced by the associations we make in our environment?

<p>Both motivation and consciousness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a result of associating a certain chair with relaxation?

<p>Feeling relaxed in the chair (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for when animals, including people, go back to their natural behaviors after being trained?

<p>Instinctive drift (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of monitoring progress in behavior modification?

<p>To track progress towards the desired behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be used to influence health and well-being?

<p>Only classical conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of reinforcement in behavior modification?

<p>To give a reward for desired behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcer is naturally rewarding and does not require learning?

<p>Primary reinforcer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement schedule involves a reward after a set number of responses?

<p>Fixed-ratio (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a conditioned reinforcer?

<p>Money that can buy food (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement involves taking away something bad to increase a behavior?

<p>Negative reinforcement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule?

<p>A sale every Tuesday (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between immediate and delayed reinforcement?

<p>Timing of the reward (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement schedule involves rewards at random time periods?

<p>Variable-interval (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a negative reinforcer?

<p>The car beeping when you don't buckle your seatbelt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Gardner's Multiple Intelligences theory?

<p>Intelligence is composed of multiple abilities that come in different packages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intelligence is most relevant to a scientist's work?

<p>Analytical intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of emotional intelligence?

<p>To use emotions to assist thinking and problem-solving (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of high bodily-kinesthetic intelligence?

<p>A dancer who performs complex routines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between Sternberg's three types of intelligence?

<p>Type of thinking involved in solving the problem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between analytical and practical intelligence?

<p>Analytical intelligence is used in academic settings, while practical intelligence is used in real-world situations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of using emotional intelligence?

<p>A therapist who is able to understand their client's emotions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of having high emotional intelligence?

<p>It improves relationships with others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a standardized test?

<p>To ensure consistent administration and scoring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does crystallized intelligence primarily refer to?

<p>The accumulation of knowledge and verbal skills over time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a reliable test?

<p>It gives consistent results over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of validity in test construction?

<p>To ensure that the test measures what it claims to measure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between standardized and reliable tests?

<p>Standardized tests focus on consistent administration, while reliable tests focus on consistent results (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a principle of test construction that ensures a test measures what it claims to measure?

<p>Validity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using a standardized test to measure intelligence?

<p>It allows for accurate comparison with others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability to remember things quickly?

<p>Working memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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