40 Questions
What type of stimuli are associated with defensive or appetitive reflex responses?
Biologically significant stimuli
What is the primary goal of associative learning?
To learn causal structures of the environment
What is another term for associative learning?
Conditioning
Why are conditioned learning processes conserved across species?
Because they are related to survival
What type of learning involves learning the causal structure of the environment?
Associative learning
What do unconditioned stimuli naturally cause?
Appetitive or defensive reflex responses
What is the significance of learning associations between environmental events?
It is especially important for survival
What type of learning is discussed in the next lecture?
Another form of associative learning
What is a classically conditioned response?
A learned reflex response to a stimulus that would not usually cause it
What is the type of association learned in classical conditioning?
Between a stimulus that reliably predicts another stimulus which is itself naturally associated with a defensive or appetitive reflex response
What is the term for the stimulus that naturally causes a reflex response?
Unconditioned stimulus
What is the process of learning an involuntary association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus called?
Classical conditioning
What was the neutral stimulus used by Pavlov in his experiment?
The sound of a bell
What did Pavlov want to see if the bell could do through repeated association with food during learning?
Cause salivation on its own
What is the term for the three stages described by Pavlov in the process of classical conditioning?
Three phases of classical conditioning
What is the term for the stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response?
Conditioned stimulus
What is the primary focus of the learning outcomes in classical conditioning?
The understanding of the processes, terminology, and phenomena of classical conditioning
What is the primary subject of Pavlov's original research?
The mechanisms of digestion in dogs
What is the term for the process where a conditioned response is no longer elicited after repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus?
Extinction
What is the term for the process where a conditioned response is elicited by a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus?
Stimulus generalization
What is the term for the unconditioned response that is naturally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus?
UCR
What is the term for the process where a previously extinguished conditioned response suddenly reappears after a period of time?
Spontaneous recovery
What is the primary goal of providing learning outcomes at the beginning of each lecture?
To guide students on the key areas of focus in the lecture
What is the term for the process where a conditioned response is elicited by a stimulus that is different from the conditioned stimulus?
Stimulus discrimination
What is the term used to describe the bell before conditioning?
Initially Neutral Stimulus
What is the relationship between the UCS and UCR?
The UCS and UCR are both innate responses
What is the purpose of the acquisition trials?
To teach Ollie to associate the bell with the treat
Why is the temporal sequencing of events important in the conditioning process?
Because the treat must be presented after the bell
What is the term used to describe the stimulus that causes a reflex response?
Unconditioned Stimulus
What is the result of the conditioning process?
Ollie learns to associate the bell with the treat
What is the characteristic of the UCS and UCR?
They are both innate responses
What is the purpose of presenting the NS before the UCS in the conditioning process?
To teach Ollie to associate the bell with the treat
What is the primary topic of the quote from J.B. Watson?
The role of classical conditioning in shaping human development
How does Watson's view on human development contrast with the prevailing views of his time?
He believed that human behavior is primarily influenced by environment, whereas others thought it was shaped by genetics
What is the name of the psychologist who is quoted in the passage?
John Brodus Watson
What is the main goal of Watson's experiment with the human infant?
To demonstrate the power of classical conditioning in shaping human behavior
What is the name of the debate that Watson's view is part of?
The Nature-Nurture debate
What is the significance of Pavlov's work in relation to Watson's views?
Pavlov's work demonstrated the power of classical conditioning in shaping animal behavior, which influenced Watson's views
What is the implication of Watson's quote about the role of environment in shaping human behavior?
That human behavior can be shaped by environment, regardless of innate talents or abilities
What is the main idea that Watson is trying to convey through his quote?
That the environment has the power to shape human behavior, regardless of innate talents or abilities
Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
- Learning predictive relationships between environmental events and biologically significant stimuli
- Involves learning associations between stimuli, and/or between stimuli and behavioral responses
- Also known as associative learning: learning associations between stimuli, and/or between stimuli and behavioral responses
Ivan Pavlov
- Russian physiologist who studied digestion using dogs
- Found unexpected outcomes of his work with dogs, leading to the study of classical conditioning
Key Concepts
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): a stimulus that naturally causes a defensive or appetitive reflex response
- Unconditioned Response (UCR): a reflex response to a UCS
- Neutral Stimulus (NS): a stimulus that does not cause a reflex response on its own
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): a neutral stimulus that becomes associated with a UCS and can cause a conditioned response
- Conditioned Response (CR): a learned reflex response to a CS
Three Phases of Classical Conditioning
- Before Conditioning: existing conditions, innate reflex responses, and neutral stimuli
- During Conditioning: association of NS with UCS, repeated over several trials
- After Conditioning: learned association between NS and UCS, resulting in a conditioned response
Example of Classical Conditioning
- Pavlov's experiment with dogs: associating the sound of a bell with food to elicit salivation
- Ollie's example: learning to associate the sound of a bell with a treat to elicit salivation
Impact of Classical Conditioning
- Influenced John Brodus Watson's work on behaviorism
- Watson's belief in the role of conditioned learning in shaping human development
- Contributed to the Nature-Nurture debate
Understand the processes and terminology of classical conditioning, including habituation, sensitisation, stimulus generalisation, and more. Apply this knowledge to analyse new scenarios and outcomes.
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