Questions and Answers
What is classical conditioning?
What are the roles of unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response in classical conditioning?
An event or object that naturally causes a fear response.
What is higher order conditioning?
It extends classical conditioning to involve additional layers of stimuli.
What happens in second order conditioning?
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Describe third order conditioning.
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What are the three stages in the development of complex phobias?
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Provide an example of classical conditioning in the real world.
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What is the implication of John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner's experiment?
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What is exposure therapy?
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What does the abbreviation C.S.H.S.T.D.E.T stand for?
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
- Learning process where a neutral stimulus gains meaning by association with a meaningful stimulus.
- Leads to a conditioned response through repeated pairing.
Stimulus and Response
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US) and Unconditioned Response (UR): Naturally occurring event causing an instinctive fear reaction, e.g., a dog bite causing fear.
- Neutral Stimulus (NS) becomes Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A neutral stimulus, like seeing a dog, is paired with the US (dog bite), resulting in fear.
- Over time, the sight of a dog can trigger fear even without a previous bite, demonstrating the development of a phobia.
Higher Order Conditioning
- Involves pairing a new neutral stimulus with an already conditioned stimulus.
Second Order Conditioning
- A new NS is associated with an existing CS, e.g., fear of dogs leads to fear of dog parks when associated with dogs.
Third Order Conditioning
- Process extends further, linking additional neutral stimuli that trigger complex phobias, like fear of places related to dog parks.
Development of Complex Phobias
- Initial Fear: Rooted in a traumatic event tied to a specific object.
- Expanded Fear: Fears generalize to related stimuli through higher order conditioning.
- Complex Triggers: Increasingly linked stimuli complicate the phobia, making avoidance difficult.
Real World Examples
- Classical Conditioning: Fear of swimming pools develops after an incident of near drowning, eliciting a CR upon seeing a pool.
- Higher Order Conditioning: Following the swimming pool phobia, fear may extend to water parks and even the sound of splashing water.
Theoretical Support
- John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner's experiment with "Little Albert" showed classical conditioning leading to phobia creation by associating a white rat with a loud noise, resulting in generalized fear of furry items.
Implications for Treatment
- Exposure Therapy: Gradual exposure to the feared CS without the US to reduce the conditioned response.
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Helps identify and challenge irrational beliefs about fears, addressing higher order conditioning influences.
Abbreviation
- C.S.H.S.T.D.E.T
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Description
Explore the concepts of classical conditioning and their relation to phobias through these informative flashcards. Each card defines key terms such as stimulus, response, and the mechanisms behind conditioned responses. Perfect for psychology students and anyone interested in learning about behavioral theories.
