26 Questions
What is the primary characteristic of a classical infection?
It is caused by a single organism
What is the mechanism by which bacteria adhere to lung tissue in secondary infections?
The bacterial neuraminidase cleaves sialic acid residues on host cells
What is an example of a primary infection?
Influenza
What is the main trigger for secondary infections?
Viral infection
What is the final step in the mechanism of a classical infection?
The organism produces protein toxins
What is an example of a polymicrobial infection?
A combination of bacteria and viruses
What is the result of dysbiosis and pathogenic biofilm formation?
Formation of a diabetic foot ulcer
What type of polymicrobial interaction leads to quorum sensing?
Chemical interactions
What is the role of adhesins in co-aggregation?
To attach genetically distinct bacteria to each other
What is the result of Candida albicans and S. aureus co-aggregation in denture stomatitis?
Systemic bacterial infection
What is the effect of farnesol on Candida albicans?
It inhibits filamentation
What is the purpose of digestive consortiums?
To acquire nutrients through microbial co-operation
How can some microbes survive in harsh lethal environments?
By persisting as part of a polymicrobial community
What is the minimum requirement for polymicrobial co-operation in a dental abscess?
A minimum of 6-8 species
What is the drawback of using 16S rRNA Next-Generation Sequencing and OTU determination to detect microbes?
It can only identify the genus, not the species
Why is the outcome of treatment to polymicrobial infections difficult to predict?
Because polymicrobial communities display many complex phenotypes with multiple virulence factors
What is the primary consequence of an overactive immune system in response to a viral infection?
Overproduction of inflammatory cytokines
What is the primary reason why antibiotics are not recommended to treat viral diseases?
Antibiotics don't actually kill the virus, and increase levels of antibiotic resistance
What is the term for the matrix-enclosed population of microbes that can adhere to biotic and abiotic substrates?
Biofilm
What is the primary mechanism by which primary colonizers interact with the conditioning film in biofilm development?
Electrostatic attraction
What is the term for the process by which a mature multi-species biofilm develops from a primary colonizer?
Succession
What is the primary component of enamel that starts the development of plaque biofilm?
Hydroxyapatite
What are the primary benefits of bacteria growing in a biofilm?
Increased metabolic fitness, increased genomic diversity, increased stress resistance, and recalcitrance
What is the primary consequence of changes in biofilm composition?
Dysbiosis
What is the primary mechanism by which periodontitis occurs?
Subtle changes in the composition of microbiota lead to gingivitis, which stabilizes into periodontitis
What is the primary consequence of high blood sugar in diabetic patients?
Reduced blood flow and chronic inflammation
Learn about the characteristics and mechanisms of classical infections, including examples of Anthrax and Whooping cough. Also, understand the concept of polymicrobial infections.
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