Classical and Polymicrobial Infections

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What is the primary characteristic of a classical infection?

It is caused by a single organism (correct)

It involves multiple microorganisms

It is caused by an exogenous source

It involves a mixture of bacteria and viruses

What is the mechanism by which bacteria adhere to lung tissue in secondary infections?

The bacterial neuraminidase cleaves sialic acid residues on host cells (correct)

The host immune response produces antibodies against the bacteria

The bacteria produce toxins that disrupt the host cell membrane

The viral protease cleaves bacterial cell walls

What is an example of a primary infection?

Bronchitis

Anthrax

Influenza (correct)

Pneumonia

What is the main trigger for secondary infections?

Viral infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the mechanism of a classical infection?

The organism produces protein toxins Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a polymicrobial infection?

A combination of bacteria and viruses Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of dysbiosis and pathogenic biofilm formation?

Formation of a diabetic foot ulcer Signup and view all the answers

What type of polymicrobial interaction leads to quorum sensing?

Chemical interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of adhesins in co-aggregation?

To attach genetically distinct bacteria to each other Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Candida albicans and S. aureus co-aggregation in denture stomatitis?

Systemic bacterial infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of farnesol on Candida albicans?

It inhibits filamentation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of digestive consortiums?

To acquire nutrients through microbial co-operation Signup and view all the answers

How can some microbes survive in harsh lethal environments?

By persisting as part of a polymicrobial community Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum requirement for polymicrobial co-operation in a dental abscess?

A minimum of 6-8 species Signup and view all the answers

What is the drawback of using 16S rRNA Next-Generation Sequencing and OTU determination to detect microbes?

It can only identify the genus, not the species Signup and view all the answers

Why is the outcome of treatment to polymicrobial infections difficult to predict?

Because polymicrobial communities display many complex phenotypes with multiple virulence factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of an overactive immune system in response to a viral infection?

Overproduction of inflammatory cytokines Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why antibiotics are not recommended to treat viral diseases?

Antibiotics don't actually kill the virus, and increase levels of antibiotic resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the matrix-enclosed population of microbes that can adhere to biotic and abiotic substrates?

Biofilm Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which primary colonizers interact with the conditioning film in biofilm development?

Electrostatic attraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which a mature multi-species biofilm develops from a primary colonizer?

Succession Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of enamel that starts the development of plaque biofilm?

Hydroxyapatite Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary benefits of bacteria growing in a biofilm?

Increased metabolic fitness, increased genomic diversity, increased stress resistance, and recalcitrance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of changes in biofilm composition?

Dysbiosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which periodontitis occurs?

Subtle changes in the composition of microbiota lead to gingivitis, which stabilizes into periodontitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of high blood sugar in diabetic patients?

Reduced blood flow and chronic inflammation Signup and view all the answers