Questions and Answers
What is the functional group of alcohols?
What characterizes carboxylic acids?
What is the functional group of ethers?
What is the functional group of aldehydes?
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What is the functional group present in ketones?
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What is the naming suffix for alcohols derived from alkanes?
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What is the complete name for CH3OH?
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How do you distinguish a ketone from an aldehyde?
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Which class of compounds includes nitrogen?
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What do both aldehydes and ketones come from?
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What is the suffix used for naming ketones?
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What is an ester and how is it formed?
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Which functional group characterizes carboxylic acids?
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Study Notes
Classes of Organic Compounds
- Alcohols are characterized by the hydroxy group (-OH).
- Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group (COOH), which defines their properties.
- Ethers are defined by the presence of an oxygen atom bonded between two carbon groups (-O-).
- Aldehydes contain the carbonyl group (CHO) with a hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon.
- Ketones feature a carbonyl group (O=C) bonded to two carbon atoms.
- Esters are formed by the combination of a carbonyl and an ether group (O=C-O).
- Amines are characterized by the presence of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms (R-NH2).
Naming Alcohols
- The longest carbon chain containing the -OH group determines the base name.
- The carbon with the -OH group receives the lowest possible number in the chain.
- To derive the name, replace the final -e of the alkane with -ol.
- Other substituents are named according to standard naming conventions.
Specific Alcohol Examples
- 2-Pentanol: The -OH group is attached to the second carbon of the pentane chain.
- 3-Hexanol: The -OH group is on the third carbon of the hexane chain.
- 3-chloro-1-propanol: Indicates both a chloro substituent and a hydroxyl group on the propane chain.
Aldehyde and Ketone Naming
- Aldehyde names are derived by replacing the alkane's final -e with -al.
- Ketone names involve changing the final -e to -one and indicating the position of the carbonyl group when necessary.
- Both aldehydes and ketones originate from the carbonyl group.
Distinguishing Aldehydes and Ketones
- Aldehydes have a hydrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl carbon, whereas ketones do not.
- If the carbonyl group is at the first position, the number "1" is typically omitted in the name.
Carboxylic Acids and Esters
- Carboxylic acids are identified by the carboxyl group (COOH).
- Ethanoic acid (vinegar) derives its name from ethane by replacing the final -e with -oic.
- Esters are formed through the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, resulting in an ester and water.
Alkyl Halides
- Alkyl halides contain at least one halogen atom from Group 17, including fluorine (fluoro), chlorine (chloro), bromine (bromo), and iodine (iodo).
- These compounds can be located in designated sections in chemical tables, such as Table R.
Characteristics of Functional Groups
- The functional groups in these compounds determine their chemical behaviors and properties.
- Alcohols and aldehydes display polarity, enhancing their solubility in various solvents.
Miscellaneous
- A dehydrogenated alcohol refers to an alcohol where a hydrogen atom has been removed, typically leading to the formation of an aldehyde.
- The functional group position in compounds is crucial for naming and reactivity, often marked by the number 1 when located at the beginning of the chain.
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Description
Test your knowledge of various classes of organic compounds, including Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids, Ketones, and more. Each flashcard contains a specific functional group along with its chemical representation. Perfect for chemistry students looking to reinforce their understanding of organic chemistry terminology.
