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Questions and Answers
Which drug is most enthalpically favorable for binding to the protease?
Which drug is least enthalpically favorable for binding to the protease?
The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two bodies A and B are in thermal equilibrium with a third body C, then A and B are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
True
What is the main principle of the First Law of Thermodynamics?
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What does ΔH > 0 indicate in terms of system heat?
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What is enthalpy?
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Why do heat pads work?
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Entropy is the natural tendency for a process to occur.
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Is sodium laurel sulfate compatible with chlorpropamide drug according to the DSC thermogram?
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Study Notes
Announcements
- Office hours listed on the master contact sheet will start after Labor Day.
- No assessments will occur during the first two weeks of class (Aug 26 and Sept 2).
- Readings for the upcoming lectures will be uploaded on Friday.
- UT Instapoll available on Canvas for real-time polling today.
Introduction to Thermodynamics in Pharmacy
- Thermodynamics principles are fundamental to understanding pharmacy practice.
- Key concepts include understanding entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs Free Energy related to pharmaceutical processes.
- Differential scanning calorimetry is crucial for evaluating drug-related enthalpy processes.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- States that if two bodies are each in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
- Impacts medication storage and efficacy; ensuring drugs are kept at proper temperatures is critical.
First Law of Thermodynamics
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. Total energy remains constant.
- Change in internal energy (ΔE) can be calculated using the equation: ΔE = q + w, where 'q' is heat and 'w' is work.
Enthalpy
- Enthalpy (H) represents the heat content in processes at constant pressure.
- Positive ΔH indicates endothermic processes (heat absorbed), while negative ΔH indicates exothermic processes (heat released).
- Example: Anti-HIV drugs' binding affinities evaluated through ΔH values to discern enthalpic favorability.
Applications of Enthalpy
- Used in evaluating drug processes such as binding, dissolution, and crystallization.
- Exothermic reactions, like sodium acetate crystallizing in heat pads, release energy and generate warmth.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
- DSC measures the heat flow of samples to assess enthalpic changes.
- This technique helps determine phase transitions (melting, crystallization) and drug-excipient compatibility.
- Applications include assessing drug stability, identifying polymorphs, and measuring reaction enthalpies.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
- This law explains the natural tendency of processes to occur towards a state of increased randomness or entropy.
- For spontaneous processes, the total entropy of the system and surroundings will remain constant at equilibrium (ΔSuniverse = 0).
- Entropy plays a role in the binding behaviors of poorly water-soluble drugs, influenced by their interactions with proteins like albumin.
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Description
Stay updated with the latest announcements for the upcoming lectures and office hours starting after Labor Day. Remember that there are no assessments during the first two weeks of readings, as detailed in the updates on Canvas. Ensure to review the reading materials uploaded by Friday.
