Class 2 - Overview of Theory
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary purposes of a theory?

  • To eliminate biases
  • To create universal truths
  • To explain behaviors or events (correct)
  • To criticize people's opinions

    • According to the overview, theories are always abstract and not based on reality.

    False

    What should one do when evaluating sources of information according to the themes presented?

    Question all sources of information due to biases.

    The concept that truth is influenced by ________ is noted in the theory overview.

    <p>perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theme emphasizes the need to be cautious about information from those in power?

    <p>Mistrust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the themes with their descriptions:

    <p>Mistrust = Cautious of gossip and manipulated information Relativity of Truth = Recognition of truth as a construct Criminology/Sociology = Based on interpersonal relations and social contexts Group membership = Influences based on social relations and community geography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emotions have no influence on perception and truth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what contexts is truth considered to be 'messy'?

    <p>In the context of crime and differing interpretations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between socioeconomic conditions and property crime according to the theorists?

    <p>Socioeconomic barriers contribute to property crime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The positivist paradigm is considered a sidekick to theories in criminology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic unit of consensus in criminology as described?

    <p>Paradigm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the demonic perspective, deviance is considered a form of __________.

    <p>sin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary consequence of disjuncture between aspirations and expectations?

    <p>Blocked opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coping with strain can include exercise and music.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the positivist paradigm in relation to social structure?

    <p>Considers societal conditions that contribute to offending.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their associated elements:

    <p>Demonic Perspective = Deviance is sin Classical Criminology = Utilitarian Calculus Social Changes = Instability from migration Urbanisation = Segmented communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of strain that can lead to criminal coping.

    <p>Strain seen as unjust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural and economic inequalities are seen as contributing factors to crime in a positivist perspective.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What response did the demonic perspective advocate for deviant behavior?

    <p>Trails and Torture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to classical criminology, crime is viewed as a result of free will.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Strains that are high in __________ can lead to criminal coping.

    <p>magnitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of criminological problems?

    <p>Broader social issues and how they are defined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addressing ________, researchers often emphasize qualitative work such as focus groups and interviews.

    <p>social issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do social changes like industrialization affect social order?

    <p>They cause instability and higher rates of unemployment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of strain with its description:

    <p>Disjuncture between aspirations and expectations = Blocked opportunities &amp; inadequate skills Removal of Positively Valued Stimuli = Loss of something of great worth Confrontation with Negative Stimuli = Exposure to negative actions by others Strains perceived as unjust = Feelings of unfair treatment in outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the concepts with their corresponding examples:

    <p>Property crime = Socioeconomic conditions Interpersonal violence = Mental health Violence against women = Patriarchal power Economic disparities = Income levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the construction of criminological problems is true?

    <p>Problems are influenced by varying interests and definitions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypotheses in criminological theory typically focus on the relationship between concepts and issues being addressed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of relationships do hypotheses in theory construction aim to project?

    <p>Expected relationships between concepts and the issues they address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential factor correlated with crime according to research?

    <p>Low resting heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetics have no influence on criminal behavior.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of environments that influence criminal behavior?

    <p>Shared environment and non-shared environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study involving twins can determine twin types, specifically _______ twins and _______ twins.

    <p>monozygotic, dizygotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Prefrontal Cortex = Affects attention span and self-control Adoption Studies = Investigates the influence of biological and adoptive parents Twin Studies = Research comparing identical and fraternal twins Phenotypic Variation = Divided into genetic, shared environmental, and unshared environmental components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'anomie' refer to?

    <p>Lack of fit between goals and means</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Merton's theory, conformists reject both cultural goals and acceptable means.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common form of deviant response according to Merton?

    <p>Innovation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ seeks to modify the social structure by changing both goals and means.

    <p>Rebel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the adaptations to anomie with their descriptions:

    <p>Conformist = Accepts both goals and means Innovator = Accepts goals but rejects means Ritualist = Rejects goals but accepts means Retreatist = Rejects goals and means</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adaptation is characterized by a scaling down of expectations of success?

    <p>Ritualist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anomie theory suggests that social structure limits access to means of achieving cultural goals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of an innovator's method for achieving wealth.

    <p>Fraud or stealing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ is characterized as being part of society but not contributing to it.

    <p>Retreatist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adaptation poses the least threat to social order?

    <p>Conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Retreatists actively seek to reintegrate into society.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Merton's assumption regarding cultural goals?

    <p>Everyone has a common goal, but some can't attain it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When success goals are overemphasized, an __________ occurs.

    <p>anomie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Class 2 - Overview of Theory

    • What's the point? Understanding the need for theory to explain behaviours or events.
    • What is a theory? A theory is an explanation of events based on extensive research or a system of ideas that can be used to address and offer possible solutions to an issue, based on observations and opinions. Theories can be grounded or abstract and can be used for daily observations. Offering an advanced account of behaviours and events, and grounded on evidence.
    • Four Themes
    • Mistrust: Be cautious of individuals exploiting positions of power (e.g., religion, finance, gender, race) as they may manipulate or distort information. Question all sources of information due to biases
    • Relativity of Truth: Truth is a construct, dependent on the storyteller and the perception of those involved. Truth can be interpreted differently by various individuals, including victims, perpetrators, family members, and bystanders. Feelings and emotions influence the way information is interpreted when discussing sensitive events like crime.
    • Criminology/Sociology: Theories in criminology/sociology look at the interconnectedness of people's relationships and how factors like immediate relationships (family/friends) social connections (group memberships), and geographical location (neighborhood influence, community) influence behaviour.

    Theory Construction

    • Social Situation/Phenomenon: Identify the problem being investigated, focusing on daily issues.
    • Concepts: Define and describe the relevant circumstances, relying on methods like focus groups and interviews to understand experiences.
    • Hypothesis: Formulate a projection of how behaviour and concepts relate, offering a statement or a question relating to the subject matter(s).
    • Example of Hypothesis: Property crime and the concept of socioeconomic factors (e.g., employment, income levels) are related. This is also commonly known as assuming a relationship.

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    Description

    Explore the significance of theory in understanding behaviors and events in this Class 2 overview. Delve into the definition of theory, its themes like mistrust and the relativity of truth, and how they influence our perceptions and understandings. This quiz encourages critical thinking and evaluation of information sources.

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