Class 12 Political Science: India Since Independence

Which of the following factors most significantly challenged the Nehruvian consensus after the Fourth General Election of 1967?

The initial economic reforms of 1991 were primarily focused on privatization of all public sector units, completely dismantling the existing socialist framework.

What critical decision regarding Kashmir, made by the Indian government, continues to be a contentious issue in domestic and international politics?

The strategic shift in Indian foreign policy in the 1990s, characterized by a greater emphasis on economic relations and regional cooperation, is often referred to as the ______ Doctrine.

Match the following Prime Ministers with the major economic policies enacted during their tenure:

Which of the following best describes the long-term impact of the Emergency declared in 1975 on Indian democracy?

The Mandal Commission's recommendations were implemented without any significant opposition or debate, leading to immediate social harmony.

What event is considered a watershed moment that exposed critical intelligence and security failures, leading to significant reforms in India's national security apparatus?

The period of coalition governments in India during the 1990s led to the rise of regional parties and a more ______ form of federalism.

Match the following political leaders with their primary contributions to Indian foreign policy post-independence:

Which of the following was NOT a significant challenge faced by India in the post-independence era?

The Green Revolution had a uniformly positive impact across all regions of India, eliminating agricultural disparities entirely.

What specific legislative act fundamentally altered the structure and functioning of local governance in India, promoting decentralization?

The economic reforms initiated in 1991 were largely a response to a severe ______ crisis that threatened India's financial stability.

Match the following events with their primary impact on Indian politics:

Which of the following best explains the shift from single-party dominance to coalition politics in India?

India's nuclear policy is based on a 'first use' doctrine, asserting its right to use nuclear weapons in a conventional war scenario.

What fundamental challenge does India face in balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability?

The rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the 1990s was largely attributed to its emphasis on ______ and cultural nationalism.

Match the following social movements with their primary objectives and impacts:

Which of the following reasons contributed most significantly to the end of Congress dominance in Indian politics?

The primary objective of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was to form a military alliance against the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

What specific policy initiative is widely credited with improving relations between India and China in the late 1980s?

The concept of cooperative federalism in India refers to a system where the central and state governments ______ to address common challenges.

Match the following Prime Ministers with their significant impacts on India's foreign policy:

Which of the following has been a major consequence of increased regionalism in Indian politics?

The primary focus of the economic reforms in the 1990s was to strengthen the public sector and increase government control over key industries.

What critical factor explains the persistence of social inequalities despite constitutional guarantees of equality in India?

India's 'Look East' policy, initiated in the early 1990s, aimed to strengthen economic and strategic ties with countries in ______.

Match the following social and political issues with their legal or policy responses in India:

Which of the following factors had the LEAST impact on shaping India's foreign policy decisions?

The Indian Constitution has remained unchanged since its adoption, preserving its original structure and provisions.

What key development led to significant changes in center-state financial relations, granting more autonomy to states?

The concept of 'unity in diversity' in India highlights the country's ability to maintain national cohesion despite its vast ______ and cultural differences.

Match the following post-independence challenges in India with their corresponding mitigation strategies:

Which of the following best describes India's approach to climate change negotiations?

India's foreign policy has consistently prioritized military intervention and power projection as the primary tools for achieving its strategic interests.

What significant trend has transformed Indian society, leading to increased urbanization and migration?

The 'Digital India' initiative aims to transform India into a digitally empowered society by promoting ______ and digital infrastructure.

Match the following contemporary challenges in India with their potential solutions: