Politics in India Since Independence

• There will be one question paper with 50 questions, 40 of which must be attempted.

Politics in India Since Independence

• The era of One-Party Dominance included the first three general elections.
• The Congress showed dominance at the national level, but unevenly at the state level and has shown a coalitional nature.
• The major opposition parties are a part of the era of One-Party Dominance.
• Nehru's approach to nation-building, the legacy of partition and the challenge of 'refugee' resettlement are examples of Nation-Building and its Problems.
• The Kashmir problem, organization/reorganization of states, and political conflicts over language are challenges to the Nation.
• Five-year plans, expansion of state sector, and the rise of new economic interests are part of the Politics of Planned Development.
• Famine and suspension of five-year plans and the Green Revolution with its political fallouts are also part of the Politics of Planned Development.
• India's External Relations included Nehru's foreign policy.
• The Sino-Indian war of 1962, Indo-Pak wars of 1965 and 1971, India's nuclear program and shifting alliances in world politics are part of India's External Relations.
• Political succession after Nehru, Non-Congressism, and the electoral upset of 1967 were examples of Challenge to and Restoration of Congress System.
• The Congress split and reconstitution along with Congress' victory in the 1971 elections and politics of 'garibi hatao' are other examples of challenge to and restoration of the Congress System.
• The Crisis of the Constitutional Order included the search for a 'committed' bureaucracy and judiciary.
• The Navnirman movement in Gujarat and the Bihar movement, emergency: context, constitutional and extra-constitutional dimensions and resistance to emergency are part of the Crisis of the Constitutional Order.
• The 1977 elections and the formation of the Janata Party, and the rise of civil liberties organizations are also examples of the Crisis of the Constitutional Order.
• The Rise of regional parties, Punjab crisis and the anti-Sikh riots of 1984, the Kashmir situation, and challenges and responses in the North East are part of the Regional Aspirations and Conflicts.
• Farmer's movements, Women's movements, Environmental and Development-affected people's movements, and implementation of the Mandal Commission report as well as its aftermath were examples of a Rise of New Social Movements.
• The Democratic Upsurge and Coalition Politics consisted of a participatory upsurge in the 1990s and the rise of the JD and the BJP.
• The increasing role of regional parties and coalition politics, UF and NDA governments and the elections of 2004 and UPA government are also included in Democratic Upsurge and Coalition Politics.
• Recent Issues and Challenges include the challenge of and responses to globalization.
• New economic policy and its opposition, the rise of OBCs in North Indian politics, Dalit politics in the electoral and non-electoral arena and the challenge of communalism specifically the Ayodhya dispute, and Gujarat riots are examples of Recent Issues and Challenges.

Contemporary World Politics

• The Cold War Era in World Politics consisted of the emergence of two power blocs after the Second World War.
• Arenas of the Cold War, challenges to Bipolarity: Non-Aligned Movement, the quest for new international economic order included India and the Cold War.
• The Disintegration of the 'Second World' and the Collapse of Bipolarity showed new entities in world politics such as Russia, Balkan States, and Central Asian States.
• Introduction of democratic politics and capitalism in post-communist regimes and India's relations with Russia and other post-communist countries also were included in the Disintegration of the 'Second World' and the Collapse of Bipolarity.
• The US Dominance in World Politics consisted of growth of unilateralism in Afghanistan, the first Gulf War, the response to 9/11 and the attack on Iraq.
• Dominance and challenge to the US in economy and ideology and India's renegotiation of its relationship with the USA were also part of US Dominance in World Politics.
• The Alternative Centres of Economic and Political Power included the rise of China as an economic power in the post-Mao Era and the creation and expansion of the European Union, ASEAN.
• India's changing relations with China are components of the Alternative Centres of Economic and Political Power.
• South Asia in the Post-Cold War Era included democratization and its reversals in Pakistan and Nepal.
• Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka, the impact of economic globalization on the region, conflicts and efforts for peace in South Asia, and India's relations with its neighbors are factors from South Asia in the Post-Cold War Era.
• International Organizations in a Unipolar World are the restructuring and the future of the UN.
• India's position in the restructured UN and the rise of new international actors through new international economic organizations (NGOs) were included in International Organizations in a Unipolar World.
• How democratic and accountable the new institutions of global governance are is also an impact of International Organizations in a Unipolar World.
• Security in the Contemporary World is made up of traditional concerns of security and politics of disarmament.
• Non-traditional or human security such as global poverty, health, and education, and Issues of human rights and migration are included in Security in the Contemporary World.
• The Environment and Natural Resources in Global Politics have an environmental movement and evolution of global environmental norms.
• Conflicts over traditional and common property resources, rights of Indigenous People and India's stand-in global environmental debates were part of Environment and Natural Resources in Global Politics.
• Globalization and Its Critics have economic, cultural and political manifestations.
• Debates on the nature of consequences of globalization.
• Anti-globalization movements and India are an arena of globalization and struggles against it are also included in Globalization and Its Critics.