Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary difference between ferns and pine trees?
What is the primary difference between ferns and pine trees?
Ancestor 2 is the most recent common ancestor of all the organisms listed.
Ancestor 2 is the most recent common ancestor of all the organisms listed.
True (A)
What is the term used to describe a similarity that is inherited from the most recent common ancestor of an entire group?
What is the term used to describe a similarity that is inherited from the most recent common ancestor of an entire group?
Derived characteristic
The study of evolutionary trees is called ______.
The study of evolutionary trees is called ______.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Which of the following statements accurately describes a clade?
Which of the following statements accurately describes a clade?
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Homoplasy refers to a shared character state that is inherited from the same direct common ancestor.
Homoplasy refers to a shared character state that is inherited from the same direct common ancestor.
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What is the name given to a derived character shared by all members of a clade?
What is the name given to a derived character shared by all members of a clade?
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A cladogram depicts a ______ of evolutionary relationships.
A cladogram depicts a ______ of evolutionary relationships.
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The two-part names used for classifying organisms are called ______.
The two-part names used for classifying organisms are called ______.
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The genus name in a binomial is always capitalized.
The genus name in a binomial is always capitalized.
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In the binomial "Apis mellifera", which part represents the specific epithet?
In the binomial "Apis mellifera", which part represents the specific epithet?
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What is the genus name for the European honeybee?
What is the genus name for the European honeybee?
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Match the following scientific names with their corresponding species:
Match the following scientific names with their corresponding species:
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All species within a genus share the same specific epithet.
All species within a genus share the same specific epithet.
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What is the specific epithet for the species of Felis found in the Nile Valley?
What is the specific epithet for the species of Felis found in the Nile Valley?
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Which of these aspects distinguishes a species from a genus?
Which of these aspects distinguishes a species from a genus?
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What is the principle of parsimony?
What is the principle of parsimony?
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The principle of parsimony always guarantees the correct answer.
The principle of parsimony always guarantees the correct answer.
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In the island scenario, which explanation aligns best with the principle of parsimony?
In the island scenario, which explanation aligns best with the principle of parsimony?
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The cladogram shows the evolutionary relationships between various organisms based on shared ______.
The cladogram shows the evolutionary relationships between various organisms based on shared ______.
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Match the following terms to their definitions:
Match the following terms to their definitions:
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Which characteristic is shared by both amphibians and reptiles?
Which characteristic is shared by both amphibians and reptiles?
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The cladogram in the example illustrates that gorillas and humans share a more recent common ancestor than humans and salamanders.
The cladogram in the example illustrates that gorillas and humans share a more recent common ancestor than humans and salamanders.
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Explain why the principle of parsimony is used in cladistics.
Explain why the principle of parsimony is used in cladistics.
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Which characteristic in the cladogram is shared by both tigers and gorillas?
Which characteristic in the cladogram is shared by both tigers and gorillas?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE about millipedes and centipedes?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about millipedes and centipedes?
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The presence of atmospheric oxygen is a relatively recent phenomenon in Earth's history.
The presence of atmospheric oxygen is a relatively recent phenomenon in Earth's history.
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What type of organisms are responsible for the production of atmospheric oxygen?
What type of organisms are responsible for the production of atmospheric oxygen?
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The first land plants appeared around ______ years ago.
The first land plants appeared around ______ years ago.
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Match the following events with their approximate time periods:
Match the following events with their approximate time periods:
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What is the approximate time period when land colonization by arthropods occurred?
What is the approximate time period when land colonization by arthropods occurred?
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The increased atmospheric oxygen levels were immediately available for land colonization by organisms.
The increased atmospheric oxygen levels were immediately available for land colonization by organisms.
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What is the term used to describe the rapid diversification of life that occurred during the Cambrian period?
What is the term used to describe the rapid diversification of life that occurred during the Cambrian period?
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The presence of oxygen (O2) in the early atmosphere was a significant factor in the development of multicellularity.
The presence of oxygen (O2) in the early atmosphere was a significant factor in the development of multicellularity.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an endosymbiotic relationship?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an endosymbiotic relationship?
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The ozone layer, formed by the interaction of atmospheric oxygen with UV radiation, plays a crucial role in protecting life on Earth by reducing the ______ rate caused by UV light.
The ozone layer, formed by the interaction of atmospheric oxygen with UV radiation, plays a crucial role in protecting life on Earth by reducing the ______ rate caused by UV light.
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What is the name of the domain of life that includes organisms with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles?
What is the name of the domain of life that includes organisms with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles?
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Match the following supergroups with their corresponding examples:
Match the following supergroups with their corresponding examples:
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Which supergroup within the Eukaryotes is believed to have originated from the endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium?
Which supergroup within the Eukaryotes is believed to have originated from the endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium?
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The evolution of photosynthetic organisms led to a rapid increase in oxygen levels in the atmosphere.
The evolution of photosynthetic organisms led to a rapid increase in oxygen levels in the atmosphere.
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Briefly explain the significance of the ozone layer in the context of life on Earth.
Briefly explain the significance of the ozone layer in the context of life on Earth.
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The second most important gas in the Earth's atmosphere after nitrogen is ______.
The second most important gas in the Earth's atmosphere after nitrogen is ______.
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Which of the following is NOT a reason for the delay in significant O2 accumulation in the atmosphere?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for the delay in significant O2 accumulation in the atmosphere?
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Study Notes
Systematics and Phylogeny
- Systematics is the branch of biology that deals with the classification of organisms.
- Biologists group organisms based on shared characteristics like morphology, DNA, ecology, and behavior.
Basic Class Protocol
- No chatting during lectures to be considerate to your neighbors and the instructor.
- No lunch during lectures.
- Cell phones and laptops are not allowed during class. No texting, social media, or surfing webpages. Leave the classroom if you need to leave earlier or please inform the instructor at the beginning of the semester or class.
- Minimize noise and disturbances to other students when entering late. Enter the class through the designated doors.
- Class attendance is mandatory.
Students Learning in an In-Person Setting
- Ask questions during the lecture, not after.
- This is a large class with 250 students. Address questions to the instructor through Zoom or before class, and not in emails.
- The instructor will try to be in the room around 10:30 AM.
- Follow a clear policy structure that is the same for all students, to ensure comfortable teaching and learning.
Needed General Biology Foundations
- Meiosis and Mitosis are needed to understand the general biology foundation.
- Haploid and Polyploid cells
- DNA → mRNA → Ribosomes → Proteins
- Oxidation of sugars (electron-rich compounds) through respiration produces energy (ATP) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) as a by-product.
- Oxidation involves the loss of electrons.
- Aerobic respiration (38 ATP) versus anaerobic respiration (2 ATP): alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
Systematics and Classification of Organisms
- Systematics deals with organizing and classifying organisms based on shared characteristics.
- Different types of groups in classification– Monophyletic group, Paraphyletic group, Polyphyletic group
Monophyletic group
- Includes the most recent common ancestor of all its members, along with all its descendants.
Paraphyletic group
- Includes the most recent common ancestor of all its members but not all its descendants.
Polyphyletic group
- Does not include the most recent common ancestor of all its members.
Homoplasy
- A shared character state that was not inherited from a common ancestor.
- Convergent evolution and Evolutionary reversion are two kinds of homoplasy.
- Convergent evolution happens when independent species develop similar characteristics.
- Evolutionary reversal occurs when a species reverts to an ancestral character state.
Cladogram
- A branching diagram depicting a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among organisms
Phylogenetic & Comparative Biology
- Homologous structures: structures are similar in origin and share a common ancestor, even though they may have different functions. e.g. arm of human and a bat wing
- Analogous structures: similar structures with different origins. e.g. wing of a bird and wing of an insect
Origin of Life
- Geologic time is divided into four eons: Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic.
- Earth formed as a hot mass of molten rock about 4.5 billion years ago.
- Life originated approximately 3.5 billion years ago in the Archean.
Arthropods and Invertebrates
- Arthropods are invertebrates that possess an exoskeleton.
- Land colonization occurred around the same time, about 400,000,000 years ago.
Atmospheric Oxygen Levels
- Oxygenic photosynthesis produced atmospheric O2.
- 2 atmospheric O₂ was not present in the early atmosphere.
- There was a lag of 200 million years between the origin of photosynthesis and substantial atmospheric O₂ levels.
Origin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts likely evolved from engulfed prokaryotes that lived independently.
- Mitochondria developed from an aerobic prokaryote that formed an endosymbiotic relationship with the host eukaryote.
- Chloroplasts developed from a photosynthetic prokaryote that was engulfed by the eukaryote.
Ever-Changing Life on Earth
- Life evolved into three domains: Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
- Six supergroups are identified within the Eukaryotes.
Concepts from the Video: Discovering the Great Tree of Life
- There are many possible evolutionary trees.
- The number of possible trees increases exponentially with the addition of more species.
- There are three main paradigms for constructing a tree of life : Ancestral origin of species through modification from a common ancestor; One ancestral species is the ancestor to one or more species at a particular time; and multiple ancestral species within a given tree.
Class Discussion Question
- A class discussion question to answer about a topic can aid in comprehension and the identification of gaps in knowledge.
Systematics and Classification of Organisms: Summary of Topics
- Classification is how species and larger groupings are organized into a hierarchical system, such as Genus, Family, Class, and others.
- Monophyletic group—a group that contains a common ancestor and all of its descendants
- Paraphyletic group—a group that contains the common ancestor but not all of its descendants.
- Polyphyletic group—a group that does NOT contain the most recent common ancestor of all its members.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your understanding of cladistics, the study of evolutionary trees, and biological classification in this quiz. Explore concepts such as homoplasy, clades, and binomial nomenclature. Assess your knowledge of plant differences and the terminology used in evolutionary biology.
