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Measurement and Instrumentation Course Overview

• RET 455 is a course providing an introduction to the principles of measurement and instrumentation
• Laboratory measurements related to renewable energy technologies are carried out as part of the course.

Course Objectives

• Students are introduced to the principles of measurement and instrumentation
• Students will gain skills in designing and analyzing electronic instruments
• Students will be able to carry out field testing of energy processes and measurement instrumentation.

Course Content

• The course covers a wide range of topics related to measurement and instrumentation
• Topics range from measurement fundamentals to advanced topics such as signal processing and smart sensors

Course Content: Measurement

• Measurement involves definition and significance, errors, and error removal

Course Content: Signal and Noise in Instrumentation

• Covers types of signals (analog, digital), signal representation (frequency, amplitude, phase), and noise
• Sources of noise and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are covered

Course Content: Display and Recording Systems

• Involves the types, storage media, and formats for display and recording systems

Course Content: Signal Processing

• Focuses on basics and digital signal processing

Course Content: Transducers and Actuators

• Covers types and principles of operation

Course Content: Smart Sensors

• Includes introduction and advancements in sensor technology

Course Content: Filter Design and Microprocessor-based Instrumentation Systems

• Filter design includes characteristics and design methodologies, and realization of filters
• Microprocessor fundamentals includes the integration of microprocessors in measurement systems.
• Control and data processing capabilities of microprocessors are discussed.

Course Content: Data Logging, Interfaces, and Processing

• Data logging, interfaces, and processing covers techniques for data acquisition and logging protocols
• Data processing includes interface standards and data processing techniques

Teleprocessing and Remote Sensing Techniques

• Remote communication protocols and operations are reviewed under teleprocessing
• Remote sensing studies principles, applications, and technologies (satellite, UAVs)

Measurement of Various Parameters in Mechatronics Systems

• Covers measurement techniques for radiation, speed, temperature, pressure, humidity
• Includes in-process measurements in mechatronics and lab measurements for renewable energy
• Includes experimental setups and data collection

Mode of Delivery

• The course is delivered through lectures, tutorials, practical exercises, and assignments.

Fundamentals of Measurement

• Measurement is quantifying observations or phenomena, comparing an unknown quantity to a known standard
• Playing a fundamental role in scientific and technological progress, it defines the physical world

Measurement Uncertainty

• Precision refers to the consistency of repeated measurements; high precision means low variability
• Accuracy indicates how close a measurement is to the true or accepted value
• A measurement may be precise, but not accurate, and vice versa
• Uncertainty is the range in which the true value is likely to fall, influenced by the instrument's precision/accuracy

Types of Measurements

• Direct measurement involves directly obtaining the desired quantity with instruments like rulers
• Indirect measurement derives a quantity by combining measured values mathematically
• Example: calculating speed from distance and time
• A fundamental quantity is independent (length, mass, time); a derived quantity is defined by fundamental ones

Measurement Instruments

• Rulers and calipers have varying precision for length measurements
• Thermometers measure temperature based on thermal expansion
• Multimeters combine voltage, current, and resistance measurement functions

SI Units

• SI base units: Length in meters (m), Mass in kilograms (kg), Time in seconds (s)
• Temperature in Kelvin (K), Electric Current in Ampere (A), Amount of Substance in Mole (mol)
• Luminous Intensity in Candela (cd)

Error Types

• Systematic errors occur consistently due to instrument faults, calibration, or setup issues
• Random errors are unpredictable and occur due to environmental factors or human limitations
• Gross errors are significant mistakes leading to drastic deviations from the true value
• Zero errors happen when the instrument doesn't read zero when it should
• Interference errors arise from external factors influencing the measurement
• Parallax errors occur when the observer's line of sight isn't perpendicular to the scale
• Blunders are careless mistakes

Gross Errors

• These errors can result from equipment malfunction, improper calibration, or human mistakes,.
• Detecting and correcting gross errors is essential for obtaining reliable data.

Zero Errors

• This error can introduce a constant bias to the measurements.
• The importance to check and correct zero errors before taking measurements

Instrumental Limitations:

• They include imperfections in instruments, such as zero errors, calibration drift, or sensor inaccuracies.

Environmental Factors Influencing Measurements

• They such as temperature, humidity, electromagnetic interference, and vibrations can influence measurements.

Human Factors Influencing Measurements

• They such as operator errors, perception biases, or incorrect experimental techniques can contribute to measurement errors.

Techniques to Removal of Errors

• Calibration techniques are used for the regular against known standards helps identify and rectify systematic errors.
• Error compensation methods are use to adjusting measurements based on identified.
• Statistical analysis by Employing statistical methods like averaging multiple measurements to reduce the impact of random errors.

Unit 2: Signal and Noise in Instrumentation

• Signals act as carrriers of information about physical phenomena, processes, or systems
• Crucial to understand signal characteristics and noise
• Proper analysis,noise reduction, techniques essential for obtaining accurate measurements and maintaining signal integrity

Characteristics of Signals: Analog

• The signals can be broadly categorized into analog in the following characteristics
• Analog signals are continuous and represent information, Characteristics include radio waves,
• Temperature sensors, FM radio signals, Photocells, Light sensor, Resistive touch

Characteristics of Signals: Digital

They are Discrete and finite in nature.

• Digital Smartphones, smart watches, and digital clocks
• Digital data transmitted via computer systems, binary-coded sensors.

Noise Signals

• Signals encounter interference known as noise
• It is thus unwanted, random, or extraneous disturbance that interferes with the purity of a signal
• The accurate representation of the intended information
• Noise is a signal or interference that affects the quality of the data that is being in received
• Thermal noise arising from electron movement degrades signals, especially in electronic communication systems
• External electromagnetic fields from power lines, motors, disrupt transmission or reception
• Factors for Environmental like vibrations, atmospheric conditions etc. challenge introduce challenges, introducing disturbances in signals

Noise Reduction Technologies

• Managing noise becomes imperative in instrumentation
• Shielding (metal enclosures, cables) blocks external fields and prevents EMI
• Employing filters (low-pass, band-pass) eliminates unwanted frequencies
• Amplifying signal strength before processing overcomes measurement noise
• Differential amplifiers and signal conditioning circuits boosts signal levels.

Measurements of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

• SNR measures the level of desired signal to unwanted noise to noise power.
• SNR= signal Power/noise Power.
• Higher SNR indicates better signal quality and interference.

Practical Applications of Managing Noise

• Clearer managing noise for transmission and reception of signals.
• Electronic instrumentation by ensuring accurate measurements by minimizing.
• Medical imaging for clearer and more accurate diagnostic

Significance of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

• Understanding signal characteristics and noise management is foundational in instrumentation
• Medical imaging for accurate in data transmission

Unit 3: Display and Recording Systems

• These systems encompassing showcase methods to preserve valuable monitoring
• Offering diverse technologies for displaying and storing data

System Display

• Finding in computer monitors, TV screens, control panels , medical-imaging devices and more,

Systems Recording

• facilitating the preservation of data for analysis
• Review retrieved information at a later time.

Types of Systems Display

• Liquid Crystal Display to produce images through the manipulation of light.
• Light Emitting Diode employs semiconductor diodes monitors and digital watches
• Organic Light Emitting Diode are use to create images and television sets that used CRT technology

Systems Interface Display

• Transmits high-quality audio the audio
• Analog is the common interface
• Ports for high performing displays

Methods of recording systems

• Recording software and device storage

Methods of Data Recording

• Including logging system capture to various cloud database

Storage for Data and Formats HDD

• Used in computer database storage

Storage for State Data (SSD)

• Are used in flash database storage Optical storage is slow but used in optical disc

Storage for Remote Cloud

• Used in clouding server stored

Files and their Formats

• JPEGs, PNG for images
• MP4 AVI for videos
• WAV an MP3 for audio

Control Systems and Integration

• Integrated and aided in analysis
• Aid in visualizing

Realtime Display Systems

• Enables user to display data
• Monitoring equipment conditions to enable easy access for issues

Renewable Systems

• Provides storage and scaling compatibility

Unit 4: Signal Processing

• Involves extracting of information enabling quality and transmission across
• Manipulated information to enable useful insight from signals across a variety

Representation Basic Process

• Analog signals voltage as pressure quantities
• Signal filters to remove unwanted frequency characteristics
• increasing strength for improvement

Properties Signal

• Signal and the relationship
• For Temporal relationship
• Applications of Digital and processing techniques

DSP Equipment

• Process equipment with reduction
• Data analysis to transfer signals

Applications

• used in medical and satellite equipment
• Telecommunications data transmission and networking

Equipment used core engineering

• Utilized for biological monitoring
• Equipment utilized in monitoring quality

Advances in Technology

• Machine learning Al system
• Signal Interpretation from interconnection

Unit 5: Transducers and Actuators

• Conversion of energy and technology devices
• Transfucers/Actuators convert and play in a variety of applications
• Stimuli conversions into signal
• Will also shape the modern landscapes

Types of Equipment Transducers

• Designed for specific tasks

Sensor applications and Transfucers

• Photovolatic transfer into electoral
• Turbines converts electricity

Turbine equipment adjustment

• Ensure stable performance,

Common Types Transducers

• Transforms mechanical stress
• Used in sensors

Operational Equipment

• Transducers operate on the basis of electricity
• Transfucers operate on the photovoltaic electricity

Common Actuators

• Provides and used the energy to produce motion
• converting in energy applications
• Common use cases from medical robots in industry energy

Use case of Actutators

• Ensures to optimise and transfer power in renewables

Tracking Actuators

• Orientation and direction
• Controlling the angle for enhancing and capture and preventing output.