Civil War Overview and Key Generals

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Questions and Answers

What years did the American Civil War take place?

1861-1865

What were some other names for the Civil War?

  • The Great War
  • The War of Northern Aggression (correct)
  • The War of the Brothers (correct)
  • The Southern Rebellion

Match the leaders of the United States and the Confederate States of America during the Civil War.

Abraham Lincoln = United States Jefferson Davis = Confederate States of America

What does the term 'Confederacy' refer to in the context of the Civil War?

<p>The Confederate States of America</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these were the primary theaters of the Civil War?

<p>Western Theater (C), Eastern Theater (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following were considered major causes of the Civil War?

<p>Slavery (A), Economic Disparity (B), Territorial Expansion/Sectionalism (C), Political Parties (D), All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The North named battles after geographical features while the South typically named battles after towns.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the leading general for the Confederacy?

<p>General Robert E. Lee</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who held the overall command of the Union Army at the beginning of the Civil War?

<p>Winfield Scott</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nickname was given to General Winfield Scott?

<p>Old Fuss and Feathers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Winfield Scott hold prior to the Civil War?

<p>General during the War of 1812</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were some advantages held by the North compared to the South during the Civil War?

<p>Population (A), Railroads (B), Financial Resources (C), Manufacturing (D), All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two countries threatened to intervene on the side of the Confederacy during the Civil War?

<p>England and France</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the President of the United States at the beginning of the Civil War?

<p>James Buchanan</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the candidates for the presidency in the election of 1860?

<p>Abraham Lincoln (A), Stephen Douglas (B), John Bell (C), John Breckinridge (D), All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the candidates' positions on the issue of slavery in the 1860 election?

<p>Lincoln: No expansion of slavery (A), Douglas: Popular Sovereignty (B), Bell: Preservation of the Union (C), Breckinridge: Protection of slavery in all territories (D), All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Lincoln's stance on the expansion of slavery during the 1860 election?

<p>Lincoln promised no expansion of slavery, but he also pledged to uphold the existing laws that protected it in states where it already existed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the first battle of the Civil War?

<p>The Battle of Fort Sumter</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which state was the first to secede from the Union?

<p>South Carolina</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the Union leader at the Battle of Fort Sumter?

<p>Major Robert Anderson</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the Confederate leader at the Battle of Fort Sumter?

<p>Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the relationship between Beauregard and Anderson?

<p>Beauregard was Anderson's teacher at West Point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Lincoln's dilemma regarding Fort Sumter?

<p>Lincoln wanted to send reinforcements to Fort Sumter but was wary of triggering a war with the Confederate States of America.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What maneuver did Lincoln employ at Fort Sumter?

<p>Lincoln sent a ship to deliver a fresh supply of food to Fort Sumter hoping to avoid conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many casualties were there at the Battle of Fort Sumter?

<p>There was one casualty: a horse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many border states were there during the Civil War?

<p>There were four major border states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the important border states?

<p>Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Anaconda Plan?

<p>The Anaconda Plan was a military strategy devised by Union General Winfield Scott that aimed to strangle the South and defeat them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the key components of the Anaconda Plan?

<p>Blockade the South's ports (A), Capture the Mississippi River (B), Capture Richmond, the Confederate capital (C), All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the problem with the location of Washington, D.C. at the beginning of the Civil War?

<p>Washington D.C. was situated between Maryland, a Union state, and Virginia, a Confederate state, making it vulnerable to attack from the South.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the original capital city for the Confederacy?

<p>The original capital of the Confederacy was Mobile, Alabama.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the capital city of the Confederacy after Mobile, Alabama?

<p>Richmond, Virginia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who became the physical leader of the American Army after the Battle of Fort Sumter?

<p>Irvin McDowell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the first major land battle of the Civil War?

<p>The Battle of Bull Run/Manassas Junction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the Union and Confederate names for the first major land battle?

<p>The North called this battle Bull Run, while the South called it the Battle of Manassas Junction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial lesson was learned by both sides after the Battle of Bull Run?

<p>Both sides realized that the war would be a long and arduous struggle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the Confederate General known as Stonewall?

<p>General Thomas Jackson</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did General Thomas Jackson earn his nickname 'Stonewall'?

<p>Jackson was nicknamed 'Stonewall' for bravely standing firm during the Battle of Bull Run, inspiring his troops and turning back the Union advance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who became the new General of the American Army?

<p>General George McClellan</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was General McClellan's best attribute as a General?

<p>General McClellan's strength was in training and preparing troops and logistics, but he was not as effective at making decisive battlefield decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Peninsula Campaign?

<p>The Peninsula Campaign was General McClellan's strategic plan to capture Richmond, Virginia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the 'Seven Days Battle'?

<p>The Seven Days Battle involved a series of fierce engagements between McClellan's Union forces and Lee's Confederate forces as McClellan attempted to capture Richmond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the single bloodiest battle of the Civil War?

<p>The Battle of Antietam</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the technical winner of the Battle of Antietam?

<p>The North (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was another name for the Battle of Antietam?

<p>The Battle of Sharpsburg</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Emancipation' mean?

<p>Emancipation means to set free or liberate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Emancipation Proclamation?

<p>The Emancipation Proclamation was a document issued by President Lincoln that declared the freedom of all enslaved people in Confederate-controlled territories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Copperheads?

<p>The Copperheads were Northern Democrats who opposed the Emancipation Proclamation and sought to negotiate peace with the Confederacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the founder of the American Red Cross?

<p>Clara Barton</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Ironclad' refer to in the context of the Civil War?

<p>Ironclads were ships covered in iron armor, making them more resistant to artillery fire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the names of the two major ironclads?

<p>The two major ironclads were the USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the Union General who began his career in the West?

<p>Ulysses S. Grant</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the two major forts captured by Grant in Tennessee?

<p>The two major forts captured by Grant were Fort Henry and Fort Donelson.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Battle of Vicksburg?

<p>The Battle of Vicksburg was a crucial engagement that was considered the second turning point of the War, securing the Mississippi River for the Union.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the Admiral of the US Navy that helped win control of the Mississippi River?

<p>David Farragut</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the Battle of Fredericksburg?

<p>The Battle of Fredericksburg marked the emergence of modern warfare practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major mistake did Burnside make during the Battle of Fredericksburg?

<p>Burnside failed to adequately plan for the crossing of the Rappahannock River, leading to disastrous losses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who replaced Burnside as the Union General?

<p>Joseph Hooker replaced Burnside as Union general, hoping to secure victories that had eluded his predecessor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Battle of Chancellorsville?

<p>The Battle of Chancellorsville was a bold attempt by Union General Hooker to attack Lee's forces by flanking them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Hooker's failure at Chancellorsville?

<p>Hooker's carefully planned attack failed to achieve the desired outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to General Stonewall Jackson at Chancellorsville?

<p>General Thomas 'Stonewall' Jackson was accidentally shot and killed by his own men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Lee's next move after winning the Battle of Chancellorsville?

<p>Lee, feeling emboldened by his victory at Chancellorsville, decided to invade Pennsylvania, hoping to shift the war's momentum to the North.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the region of Pennsylvania where Lee invaded?

<p>Lee invaded the midwestern region of Pennsylvania known as Gettysburg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the commander of the Union army at the Battle of Gettysburg?

<p>General George Meade was the commander of the Union Army at Gettysburg, and he would become a key strategist for Grant during his major campaigns in the East.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who saved the Union at Little Round Top at the Battle of Gettysburg?

<p>Colonel Joshua Chamberlain from Maine played a crucial role in defending Little Round Top, a strategically important hill at Gettysburg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Chamberlain's actions at Little Round Top during Gettysburg?

<p>Colonel Chamberlain, commanding the 20th Maine, ran out of ammunition and led a desperate bayonet charge against the advancing Confederate troops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Pickett's Charge?

<p>Pickett's Charge, a devastating assault by Confederate troops on the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg, aimed to break the Union lines and win the battle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Pickett’s Charge fail?

<p>Pickett's Charge failed because the Union army wasn't as weak as Lee had anticipated, leading to a devastating loss for the Confederates as they charged into a barrage of artillery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who won the Battle of Gettysburg?

<p>The Union army was victorious in the Battle of Gettysburg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Battle of Gettysburg?

<p>The Battle of Gettysburg was considered a turning point in the war, showcasing the Union's strategic prowess and undermining the Confederacy's hopes of gaining ground.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key mistake did General George Meade make after the Battle of Gettysburg?

<p>Meade failed to pursue Lee's defeated army after Gettysburg, allowing them to escape and regroup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the Gettysburg victory on England and France?

<p>After Gettysburg, England and France, who had previously considered aiding the Confederacy, realized that the Confederates were likely to lose and decided to withhold their intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Gettysburg Address?

<p>The Gettysburg Address was a short but powerful speech delivered by President Lincoln at the dedication of the Gettysburg National Cemetery, reflecting on the meaning of the war and the sacrifices made by those who fought and died.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the importance of the Gettysburg Address?

<p>Lincoln's speech, known as the Gettysburg Address, redefined America, emphasizing the principles of equality and the shared destiny of all Americans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Grant’s plan to end the war?

<p>Grant's plan, known as the Overland Campaign, was to chase Lee's Confederate Army and capture Richmond, Virginia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategic move did Ulysses S. Grant make during the Overland Campaign?

<p>Grant, known for his aggressive tactics, moved from the West to the East, bringing his military expertise to the frontlines of the war's most crucial battlefields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Grant's strategy in the East?

<p>Grant's strategy in the East was relentless pursuit and attrition, applying immense pressure on Lee's troops, aiming to wear them down and ultimately force a Confederate surrender.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Grant's trusted general?

<p>William Tecumseh Sherman was Grant's trusted general, known for his strategic genius and relentless pursuit of victory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the cavalry officer used by Grant?

<p>Philip Sheridan was a skilled cavalry officer who played a vital role in Grant's campaigns, providing mobility and tactical support to Union forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the first battle between Grant and Lee?

<p>The first battle between Grant and Lee was the Battle of the Wilderness, a brutal and costly engagement that demonstrated the ferocity of the conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Sherman's March to the Sea?

<p>Sherman's March to the Sea was a devastating campaign that involved a 285-mile march across Georgia, destroying Confederate resources and infrastructure, employing total war tactics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Hard Hand of War' (total war) refer to?

<p>Total war, also known as the hard hand of war, refers to a military strategy that targets not only military personnel and equipment but also civilian resources and infrastructure, aiming to cripple the enemy's will to fight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where did Robert E. Lee’s troops surrender?

<p>Appomattox Courthouse was the site of Lee's surrender to Grant, marking the end of the Civil War.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Civil War

Conflict from 1861 to 1865 in the USA.

Elected leaders of USA and CSA

USA: Abraham Lincoln, CSA: Jefferson Davis.

Five causes of the Civil War

Slavery, economic disparity, political parties, territorial expansion, election of 1860.

First battle of the Civil War

Battle of Fort Sumter.

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Emancipation Proclamation

Document by Lincoln freeing enslaved people in the South.

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Battle of Antietam

Single bloodiest battle of the war.

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Gettysburg Address

Lincoln's speech redefining America after the battle.

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Winner of Gettysburg

The Union emerged victorious.

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Ulysses S. Grant

Key American General who became commander in the East.

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Sherman's March to the Sea

A campaign of total war from Atlanta to Savannah.

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Appomattox Courthouse

Site of Robert E. Lee's surrender.

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Significance of Gettysburg

Turning point of the Civil War.

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George Meade

Union commander at the Battle of Gettysburg.

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Thomas Jackson

Confederate general known as 'Stonewall'.

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Long War

Lesson learned that the conflict would be prolonged.

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Bull Run

Northerners called it that; first major battle.

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Copperheads

Northern Democrats opposing the Emancipation Proclamation.

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Clara Barton

Founder of the American Red Cross.

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Monitor vs. the CSS Virginia

Naval battle of ironclads.

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Pickett's Charge

Failed assault during the Battle of Gettysburg.

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James Buchanan

President at the start of the Civil War.

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Lincoln's assassination

Killed by John Wilkes Booth shortly after the war.

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Irvin McDowell

Leader of the American Army at the war's beginning.

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Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States.

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Battle of Chancellorsville

Battle known for Lee's tactical victory.

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Fort Henry and Fort Donelson

Major forts captured by Grant in Tennessee.

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Study Notes

Civil War Overview

  • Dates: 1861-1865
  • Alternate Names: War of Northern Aggression, Brothers' War
  • US President: Abraham Lincoln
  • CSA President: Jefferson Davis
  • Confederate States of America: States that rebelled
  • Primary Theaters: Eastern and Western
  • Causes: Slavery, economic disparity, political parties, territorial expansion/sectionalism, election of 1860
  • Northern Battle Naming: After geographical locations
  • Southern Battle Naming: After towns
  • Confederacy: A term for the friendship

Key Generals

  • Confederate: Robert E. Lee
  • Union (early): Winfield Scott ("Old Fuss and Feathers")
  • Winfield Scott's Background: General during the War of 1812, overall commanding general of the Civil War
  • Union (later): George McClellan, Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman, Philip Sheridan

Union vs. Confederate Advantages

  • North (Union): Larger population, more railroads, greater wealth, and manufacturing power
  • South (Confederacy): Defensive strategy, crops

Political Context

  • Threatening European Involvement: England and France threatened to join the South
  • President at the start: James Buchanan
  • 1860 Presidential Candidates: Lincoln, Stephen Douglas, John Bell, John Breckinridge
  • Candidates' Positions: Lincoln: No expansion of slavery; Douglas: Popular sovereignty; Bell: Constitution; Breckinridge: Proslavery
  • Lincoln's Slavery Stance: Continue slavery where it existed, but no expansion

Initial Stages

  • First State to Secede: South Carolina
  • First Battle: Battle of Fort Sumter
  • Union Leader at Fort Sumter: Major Robert Anderson
  • Confederate Leader at Fort Sumter: Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard
  • Anderson/Beauregard Relationship: Teacher/Student
  • Lincoln's Sumter Dilemma: Reinforce the fort without starting a war
  • Lincoln's Sumter Maneuver: Sent a ship of supplies
  • Fort Sumter Casualties: 1 horse
  • Border States: Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware (had slaves but did not secede)
  • Number of Border States: 4

Key Military Strategies & Battles

  • Anaconda Plan: Union strategy to defeat the South (blockade, Mississippi River control, Richmond capture)
  • Washington, D.C.'s Location: Between Maryland and Virginia
  • Confederate Capital: Moved from Mobile, Alabama to Richmond, VA
  • Battle of Bull Run (Manassas Junction): First major land battle, demonstrated a long war ahead
  • Stonewall Jackson: Nickname for Thomas Jackson, Confederate general
  • Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg): Single bloodiest battle, Union "victory"
  • Emancipation Proclamation: Lincoln's document to free enslaved people in Confederate-held territory
  • Copperheads: Northern Democrats opposing the Proclamation
  • Ironclad Ships: Ships covered in iron armor, famous battle Monitor vs. CSS Virginia

Turning Point & Continuing Battles

  • Fort Henry and Fort Donelson: Major forts captured by Grant in Tennessee
  • Battle of Vicksburg: Second major turning point for the war
  • Admiral David Farragut: Helped win control of the Mississippi River
  • Battle of Fredericksburg: Highlighted modern warfare, Burnside's failure
  • Battle of Chancellorsville: Hooker's attempt to "pinch" Lee, Hooker's failure leads to Lee's invasion of the North
  • Death of Stonewall Jackson: Killed by his own men (major impact on Confederacy)
  • Battle of Gettysburg: Turning point of the war, Confederate loss
  • Gettysburg Address: Lincoln's speech redefining America as a unified nation
  • Overland Campaign: Grant's plan to capture Richmond and Lee
  • Sherman's March to the Sea: Total War, a destructive campaign through Georgia
  • Appomattox Courthouse: Lee's surrender, end of major fighting

Conclusion

  • Lincoln's Assassination: John Wilkes Booth, targeted others, aimed to restart the war
  • New President: Andrew Johnson
  • Booth's Fate: Killed in a burning barn
  • Significance of the War: Redefined America, led to significant societal changes.

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