Civil Rights Movement and Road to Democracy

• The Civil Rights Movement was a struggle for social justice that took place mainly during the 1950s and 1960s for Black Americans to gain equal rights under the law in the United States.
• The movement's major strategies included nonviolent resistance, peaceful protests, civil disobedience, boycotts, sit-ins, and marches.
• The movement resulted in landmark legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which outlawed discrimination and protected voting rights.

Road to Democracy

• The "Road to Democracy" signifies the various historical and political transitions countries undergo to establish democratic governance.
• Key elements often include free and fair elections, protection of civil liberties, rule of law, and the establishment of democratic institutions.
• The process can be influenced by internal factors, such as social movements and political reforms, as well as external factors, including international pressure and support.

Vietnam War

• The Vietnam War was a conflict fought from the 1950s to 1975, involving North Vietnam and South Vietnam, with major involvement from the United States.
• It was a proxy war during the Cold War, with the North supported by communist countries and the South supported by the United States and its allies.
• The war resulted in significant loss of life, social and political upheaval, and had a lasting impact on international relations.

Independence of Congo and Tanzania

• The Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly known as Zaire) gained independence from Belgium on June 30, 1960.
• The period immediately following independence was marked by political instability, civil war (the Congo Crisis), and foreign intervention.
• Tanzania gained independence in 1961 (Tanganyika) and 1963 (Zanzibar), which then united to form Tanzania in 1964.
• Julius Nyerere, Tanzania's first president, played a crucial role in promoting African socialism (Ujamaa) and pan-Africanism.

Black Movement

• The Black Movement is a broad term encompassing various social and political movements that seek to achieve rights, liberation, and empowerment for Black people.
• This includes civil rights movements, Black Power movements, anti-colonial movements, and contemporary movements like Black Lives Matter.
• Common goals include ending systemic racism, discrimination, and police brutality, as well as promoting Black culture, identity, and economic opportunities.