Chapter 5
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary requirement for the government to justify unequal treatment under the Equal Protection Clause?

  • It must demonstrate a valid reason that is rationally related to a legitimate government interest. (correct)
  • It is sufficient for them to show public opinion supports the unequal treatment.
  • It must prove that the unequal treatment is necessary for economic benefits.
  • It must prove that the unequal treatment is justified by historical precedent.

    • Under which standard does the government have to justify gender-based discrimination?

  • Comparative scrutiny
  • Intermediate scrutiny (correct)
  • Rational basis test
  • Strict scrutiny

    • Which of the following examples illustrates legal discrimination?

  • Restricting the ability of certain ethnic groups to vote.
  • Prohibiting single-gender schools in all circumstances.
  • Banning individuals over 50 from a driving license test.
  • Setting a minimum age for purchasing alcohol. (correct)

    • What does the Eighth Amendment primarily address?

    <p>Prohibiting cruel and unusual punishments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must courts generally do when evaluating claims of unlawful discrimination?

    <p>Require the government to provide a good reason for the discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are civil rights primarily concerned with?

    <p>Guarantees of equal treatment by the government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amendment is associated with the due process clause that supports civil rights?

    <p>Fifth Amendment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee?

    <p>No state shall deny any person equal protection under the law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios is considered unacceptable inequality?

    <p>Restricting voting rights based on race</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Until 2015, which group was often denied the right to marry in many U.S. states?

    <p>Same-sex couples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statement reflects Thomas Jefferson's views on slavery?

    <p>He viewed slavery as a personal sin but did not act to change it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one major consequence of the Dred Scott v. Sandford ruling?

    <p>It affirmed that African Americans were not considered U.S. citizens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Emancipation Proclamation achieve?

    <p>It specifically targeted enslaved individuals in rebellious states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the Thirteenth Amendment?

    <p>To abolish slavery throughout the United States.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the period of Reconstruction after the Civil War?

    <p>It marked the reorganization of state governments before rejoining the Union.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What standard do courts apply in cases involving discrimination against racial, ethnic, or religious groups?

    <p>Strict scrutiny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of affirmative action programs?

    <p>To benefit groups historically subject to discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amendments were proposed to secure political equality and power for formerly enslaved people?

    <p>Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue was rarely recognized as a civil rights concern in the past?

    <p>Rights of gay and transgender individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method to identify civil rights issues as they emerge?

    <p>Evaluating the rights being threatened for specific groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Fourteenth Amendment accomplish regarding citizenship?

    <p>It established citizenship at both national and state levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a consequence of the Fifteenth Amendment?

    <p>It allowed states to set race-neutral qualifications for voting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant method of disenfranchisement used in the South after Reconstruction?

    <p>Literacy tests and understanding tests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the grandfather clause in voting laws?

    <p>To exempt illiterate white voters from literacy tests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common characteristic of poll taxes imposed in Southern states?

    <p>They were cumulative, increasing the cost for those who had not paid in previous years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major legislation created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)?

    <p>Civil Rights Act of 1964</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event is known as 'Bloody Sunday'?

    <p>The first march from Selma to Montgomery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 aim to eliminate?

    <p>Voter discrimination practices such as literacy tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Malcolm X's stance on the mainstream civil rights movement?

    <p>He advocated for immediate change and self-determination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect did the Supreme Court ruling in Shelby County v. Holder (2013) have on voting laws?

    <p>States gained more freedom to change voting laws without federal oversight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary objective of the NAACP when it was founded?

    <p>To secure equality and civil rights for African Americans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What doctrine was upheld by the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson?

    <p>Separate but equal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did southern states respond to the Supreme Court's ruling in 1938 regarding higher education?

    <p>They built segregated colleges for African Americans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Supreme Court rule in Brown v. Board of Education?

    <p>Separate but equal education was a logical impossibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action did Governor Orval Faubus take regarding the integration of Central High School in Little Rock?

    <p>He attempted to prevent Black students from entering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary strategy employed by state leaders in Virginia to resist school integration?

    <p>Massive resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ultimately declared the requirement of a poll tax in state elections unconstitutional?

    <p>Supreme Court ruling in Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which civil rights organization favored confrontational approaches over legal strategies in the 1950s and 1960s?

    <p>Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action sparked the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955?

    <p>Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Supreme Court case ruled that restrictive real estate covenants could not be enforced by courts?

    <p>Shelley v. Kraemer</p> Signup and view all the answers

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