Civil Law: Rights of Creditors

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is classified as natural fruits?

Grass (correct)

Rents

Rice

Sugar cane

When does a creditor acquire real rights over the fruits of the thing?

Once the obligation to deliver arises

After the fruit is produced

Once the thing has been delivered (correct)

At the perfection of the contract

Under what condition does the obligation to deliver fruits arise from a contract?

When the buyer pays the price

At the perfection of the contract (correct)

When the creditor makes a request

When the fruit is harvested

Civil fruits are derived from which of the following?

Legal transactions or relations Signup and view all the answers

In the case of a suspensive condition, when does the obligation to deliver arise?

Upon fulfillment of the condition Signup and view all the answers

If a horse gave birth to a colt while sold but not yet delivered, who has the right to the colt?

The buyer Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fruits are resulting specifically from human cultivation and labor?

Industrial fruits Signup and view all the answers

What does 'perfection' refer to in the context of obligations?

The birth of the contract through meeting of minds Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes fraud from negligence?

Fraud has deliberate intent to cause harm. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of waiver is considered valid in cases of fraud?

Waiver for past fraud Signup and view all the answers

How does the liability for negligence differ from that of fraud in court?

Negligence liability may be reduced based on circumstances. Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the responsibility arising from negligence?

It is demandable regardless of the contract. Signup and view all the answers

Why is a waiver for an action for future fraud deemed void?

It encourages the perpetration of fraud. Signup and view all the answers

What must occur for a debtor to be considered in delay regarding a positive obligation?

The debtor fails to perform on the agreed date. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines negligence as a ground for liability?

A voluntary act or omission preventing fulfillment of an obligation. Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would fraud be established?

A debtor delivering substandard goods intentionally. Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical requirement for establishing delay (mora) by the debtor?

The creditor must formally demand performance. Signup and view all the answers

Which action constitutes contravention of the terms of an obligation?

Using the leased apartment for unauthorized purposes. Signup and view all the answers

In a scenario where a taxi driver is reckless leading to a passenger's injury, what term best describes the liability of the taxi owner?

Negligence Signup and view all the answers

If a debtor fails to respond to a reminder about their obligation but subsequently fulfills it, are they considered to be in delay?

No, because a mere reminder does not establish delay. Signup and view all the answers

Which best summarizes the grounds for liability due to fraud?

An intentional act or omission preventing proper fulfillment. Signup and view all the answers

When does B acquire ownership or real right in the case of the horse delivery?

On Dec. 30 when the horse is delivered. Signup and view all the answers

What happens if S sells the horse to C in good faith before delivering to B?

C acquires ownership, and S is liable to B for damages. Signup and view all the answers

What can a creditor do if the debtor fails to comply with a specific real obligation?

Demand specific performance with the right to indemnity for damages. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a generic real obligation?

It can be performed by a third person. Signup and view all the answers

If S sells his piano to B for $20,000 and refuses to deliver it, what is B’s remedy?

B can bring an action for fulfillment or rescission with damages. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding remedies in a generic real obligation?

The creditor is not limited to demanding performance from the debtor. Signup and view all the answers

What is an alternative remedy available to a creditor when a debtor fails to fulfill a specific obligation?

Demand rescission of the obligation with a right to recover damages. Signup and view all the answers

What is the creditor's responsibility in a situation involving multiple claims on the same item?

The creditor is responsible for any fortuitous event until delivery occurs. Signup and view all the answers

What can be ordered if an obligation is poorly performed?

The work to be undone, if possible Signup and view all the answers

In what circumstance cannot a specific performance be ordered in a personal obligation?

When it amounts to involuntary servitude Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome if the personal qualifications of the debtor are crucial to the obligation?

Indemnification for damages is the only remedy Signup and view all the answers

If a debtor refuses to comply with his obligation to perform a specific task, what can happen?

A third party can perform the obligation at the debtor's expense Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken if the obligation consists of 'not doing' something and the debtor violates this?

The action must be undone at the debtor's expense Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario illustrates that a third party cannot perform an obligation due to the debtor's personal qualifications?

Singing at a nightclub Signup and view all the answers

If a debtor performs an obligation poorly but it is still possible to remedy it, what action can the creditor take?

Demand correction of the work Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence if obligations involve personal qualifications and are performed by someone else?

Only damages can be sought by the creditor Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Rights and Obligations of Creditors

Creditors are entitled to the fruits of the delivered object from the time the obligation arises, but do not gain real rights until delivery occurs.
Types of fruits include:
- Natural Fruits: Spontaneous products from soil and offspring of animals (e.g., grass, fruits, trees).
- Industrial Fruits: Produced through cultivation or human labor (e.g., sugar cane, vegetables).
- Civil Fruits: Derived from legal relations (e.g., rent, lease payments).

Timing of Obligation to Deliver Fruits

The obligation to deliver fruits typically arises upon contract perfection or when the contract is agreed upon by both parties.
In cases of suspensive conditions or periods, the obligation arises upon fulfillment of those conditions.
In contracts of sale, the obligation to deliver arises even if subject to suspensive conditions if the price is paid.
Obligations arising from law, quasi-contracts, or delicts follow specific legal provisions.

Examples of Rights to Fruits

Example illustrated: If a horse is sold and gives birth to a colt before delivery, the buyer (B) is entitled to the colt under certain conditions, including timely delivery.
Exception: If the seller (S) sells the horse to a third party in good faith before delivery to B, that party obtains ownership.

Creditor's Remedies

For specific real obligations (determinate things), creditors can:
- Demand specific performance or fulfillment with a right to damages.
- Demand rescission or cancellation, also with a right to damages.
- Seek damages when fulfillment is the only practical remedy.
In generic real obligations (generic things), performance can be undertaken by a third party.

Personal and Real Obligations

Personal obligations cannot be enforced through specific performance due to potential involuntary servitude.
In personal obligations where the debtor's qualifications are crucial, damages are the only remedy if non-performance occurs.
If the debtor breaches a negative obligation (not to act), non-compliance exists, but delays can’t occur.

Grounds for Liability

Liability for damages arises from:
- Fraud: Intentional evasion of fulfilling obligations.
- Negligence: Carelessness that impedes the fulfillment of obligations.
- Delay (Mora): Failure to perform on due date after demand.
- Contravention of Terms: Any violation of contract terms.

Fraud vs. Negligence

Fraud involves intent to cause harm; negligence does not intend harm.
Waivers of liability for future fraud are not valid, while negligence waivers may be allowed.
Fraud requires clear proof; negligence may be inferred from contractual breaches.

Fraud: Liability is absolute, with a waiver for future fraud deemed invalid.
Negligence: Liability can be adjusted by courts based on the circumstances.

Key Examples

In a case of fraud, delivering inferior goods constitutes liability for damages.
Negligence example: A taxi driver’s recklessness leads to liability for the injuries of a passenger.
Contractual violations allow landlords to ejected tenants and recover damages accordingly.

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Description

Explore the principles of creditor rights and the different kinds of fruits as defined in civil law. This quiz delves into natural and industrial fruits, and the conditions under which creditors can claim them. Test your knowledge on obligations and rights related to property.