Civil Engineering: The Oldest Discipline

Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline, evolving from ancient techniques to modern infrastructure solutions.
It involves modifying the natural environment for human benefit, focusing on transportation, construction, and public works.

Ancient structures exemplify civil engineering, such as the Pyramids of Giza (constructed circa 2600 BC) with 2.3 million stone blocks averaging 1.5 tonnes each, standing 146.6 m tall.
The Great Wall of China, built around 214 BC under the first emperor Shih-hung-ti, spans approximately 2,250 km.
Other notable ancient sites include:
- The Parthenon in Greece, built around 15 BC.
- Pont du Gard aqueduct in France, also constructed around 15 BC.
- The Colosseum in Rome, completed in 80 AD.
- The Grand Canal in China, connecting major rivers, completed in 610 AD.

Civil engineering encompasses planning, design, and execution of public works, with functions categorized into three stages:
- Pre-Construction: Conduct feasibility studies, site investigations, and design works to ensure project viability.
- Construction Phase: Collaboration with clients, consulting engineers, and contractors is essential for project completion.
- Post-Construction: Ongoing maintenance efforts are critical to preserving structural integrity and functionality.

Civil engineering includes various specializations such as:
- Structures
- Construction
- Foundation engineering
- Transportation
- Sanitation
- Hydraulics
Emerging areas for civil engineers include planning and management, remote sensing, landscape architecture, environmental engineering, energy facility development, water management, and disaster prevention systems.