Civil Code Obligations Quiz

Obligations and Their Sources

• Obligations are a juridical necessity to give, do, or not do (Art. 1156)
• Obligations arise from law, contracts, quasi-contracts, acts/omissions punished by law, and quasi-delicts (Art. 1157)
• Obligations derived from law are not presumed, only explicitly stated laws are demandable (Art. 1158).
• Obligations from contracts have the force of law between parties and should be complied with in good faith (Art. 1159)

Nature and Effect of Obligations

• A person obligated to deliver a specific item must care for it with reasonable diligence (Art. 1163).
• The creditor has a right to the item's fruits from when the obligation to deliver arises (Art. 1164).
• A determinate thing obligation also covers relevant accessories and accessions even if not mentioned (Art. 1166).
• Delay occurs when the obligee judicially or extrajudicially demands the fulfillment of an obligation (Art. 1169)
• Delay exceptions are when the law/obligation expressly declares, the timeframe was essential for the agreement, or when demand is futile (Art. 1169)
• Fraud, negligence, delays, and any breach of the obligation cause liability (Art. 1170)
• Negligence is omitting reasonable diligence depending on situation/time/place (Art. 1173)
• Usually normal/ordinary diligence standard of a good father/family member is expected unless otherwise indicated in contract or law (unless otherwise stated) (1174).
• Creditors can exercise all rights of a debtor to recover a debt after pursuing the debtor's assets (Art. 1177)
• A good father family standard of care (diligence) applies in the absence of other agreement/law
• Obligations for which performance doesn't depend on a future event are demandable immediately (Art. 1179).
• Obligations with resolutory conditions are also demandable, but effects of the resolutory event depend on the provisions of the preceding section (Art. 1180).

Pure and Conditional Obligations

• Pure obligations are immediately demandable if it does not depend on a future or uncertain event, or a past event unknown to parties (Art. 1179).
• Every obligation with a resolutory condition is also demandable, but effects of the resolutory event depend on the conditions specified (Art. 1180)
• A day certain is one that will inevitably happen, even if it's unknown when (Art. 1193).
• For obligations where a specific day(future event) is needed, those obligations are demandable only on that date (Art. 1193).

Joint and Solidary Obligations

• Concurrent creditors or debtors don't necessarily entail full obligations(Art 1207)
• Solidary liability exists if stated in the obligation, law, or nature requires it (Art. 1207)
• Credits/debts are presumed divided proportionally between multiple parties (Art. 1208)
• Solidarity can exist even if conditions or periods for parties differ (Art. 1211)

Obligations with a Penal Clause

• Penalties substitute damages/interests for non-compliance (Art. 1226).
• Demandable when specified (Art. 1230)
• Nullity of the penal clause does not automatically affect main obligation (Art. 1230)

Extinguishing Obligations

• Obligations can be extinguished by payment, loss of the thing, condonation, confusion, compensation and novation (Art. 1231).
• Other causes (annulment, rescission, fulfillment of resolutory condition, prescription etc) are covered elsewhere (Art. 1231).

Payment and Performance

• Payment includes delivering money or performing any other obligation's provisions (Art. 1232).
• Third parties cannot substitute payment unless specifically agreed upon (Art. 1236).

Loss of Thing Due

• If a specific item is lost before obligation fulfillment without fault of the debtor, the obligation is extinguished (Art. 1262)
• If a generic thing is lost it doesn't extinguish obligation (Art. 1263).
• If debtor possesses the item and it's lost, presumed their fault unless proven otherwise (Art. 1265).

Tender of Payment and Consignment

• Refusal of payment allows debtor to discharge responsibility through consignment of funds(Art 1256).
• Consignment cases include debtor(or creditor) absence, creditor incapacity, refusal to provide receipt, multiple claims, or lost/destroyed evidence of obligation (Art. 1256)