Citations and Referencing

Introduction to Citations and Referencing

• Citations give credit to the original source of an idea, quote, or piece of information in research.
• Crucial research concepts to understand include fair use, unfair use, and plagiarism.
• In-text citation/referencing is covered in this study session.

Learning Outcomes

• Learn the concept of plagiarism, its consequences, and how to avoid it.
• One can evaluate different reference styles and how to cite appropriately

Understanding Fair Use

• Fair use is a judicial doctrine allowing the use of copyrighted material without infringing the copyright holder's rights.
• Copyright law states creative work cannot be used without the owner's permission.
• Anyone found guilty of copyright infringement is liable to prosecution under the law.
• Fair use allows copyrighted works to be used without permission for criticism, comment, news reporting, and teaching for non-commercial purposes.
• World Intellectual Property Organization identifies copyrightable works like books, music, paintings, films, computer programs, and technical drawings.

Unfair Use Explained

• The use of copyrighted materials for academic purposes must be limited to ensure fair use
• Unfair use occurs when copyrighted work is copied indiscriminately with or without acknowledgment.

Understanding Plagiarism

• Plagiarism involves academic integrity issues inside and outside of academic writing.
• Plagiarism is from the Latin word "Plagiarius," meaning "Kidnapper" (Reitz, 2004).
• Plagiarism is using copyrighted work without permission or acknowledgment.
• It comes in the form of plagiarizing other people's, an organization's, or even self-owned copyrighted works.
• Self-plagiarism is copying from a previous assignment without acknowledgment.
• Plagiarism is generally considered "academic theft," and using the Internet to steal ideas is cyber plagiarism (Reitz, 2004).

Preventing Plagiarism

• Acknowledge any copyrighted works used to avoid plagiarism.
• (a) Follow prescribed reference styles for internal citations or footnotes
• (b) List internal citations or footnotes in the reference list or bibliography.
• Manage time to leave enough time for academic works.
• Learn to paraphrase correctly.
• Master the skill of citation.

Consequences of Plagiarism

• Plagiarism is an academic fraud with serious personal, professional, and legal consequences.
• It can destroy the academic reputation of the offender.
• Suspension or rustication of the affected student is possible.
• There could be summary dismissal of a staff member in an academic environment.
• An institution's reputation can be affected.
• Prosecution is possible.

Reasons for Citing Published Works

• Acknowledging people's works and ideas is essential for moral and legal reasons.
• Credit works done by others.
• Give direction to prospective researchers on resources of interest to consult.
• Verification of citations in support of arguments.
• It Reveals the scope and quality of the researcher's work.
• Strengthen positions in research when previous good sources are cited.
• Sources that can be cited include: secondary sources (books, encyclopedias, dictionaries, journals), electronic, institutional sources, websites, and Grey literature.

Citation/Referencing Styles

• Referencing styles acknowledge literature sources consulted in writing.
• Styles provide rules for researchers for acknowledging others' ideas.
• It ensures successful academic writing.
• Parts include in-text referencing and a reference list at the end.
• It lets the reader follow the brief in-text citation to the full reference details, and vice-versa.
• Personal communications are non-print and cited in the body of the text only; they are the only exception.
• Students use different citation styles based on their course of study (University of Sydney, 2017).
• Composition courses use MLA, sciences and social sciences use APA, and humanities use Chicago Style.
• Recording key elements is important, despite style differences
• Look at lecturer/instructor citation guides when recording sources.

Key Elements All Citation Styles Share

• Author: Cite authors depend on the style
• Titles: Books use the title page title, collections require the work and book title, and periodicals need the article title, not the periodical title.
• Publication: Publication information for books includes the publisher and location. Periodicals need the magazine or journal name, volume, and issue numbers. Website information is the organization that created the content.
• Dates: Most sources have dates
• Access: The point of access of the source, such as web or print
• Since requirements vary on citation styles, consult the citation guide assigned

American Psychological Association (APA) Style

• APA is commonly used in the social sciences, popular with academics globally, and frequently updated.
• In-text citations in APA include the author's surname, publication year, and page number for direct quotations.
• Quotations less than 40 words are in the body of the text in quotation marks.
• Quotations over 40 words are in a block, commenced on a new line, and indented.
• Page numbers are excluded when summarizing or paraphrasing.

APA Reference List

• The reference list contains the author's surname and initials, title, and publication details, edition, place, and date.
• Electronic resources include website addresses and retrieval dates.
• Alphabetize by the author's surname.
• Use the title if there is no author.
• Italicize book and journal titles, websites, and journal volume numbers (not issue number).
• Indent lines following the first line of entry

Examples of Guidelines for APA Referencing: Books

• Single author: Include John states “all of us need reassurance occasionally," (2002, p. 77).
• Or, "all of us need reassurance occasionally" (John, 2002, p. 77). in the text
• The reference, John, P. (2002). Mental health and mental Illness (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott is needed
• Two authors: Stone and Chip explain... (2003, p. 35). or The law is explained as "...” (Stone & Chip, 2003, p. 35). And the reference, Stone, P. J., & Chip, M. (2003). Nursing and the law (5th ed.). Marrickville: Elsevier.
• 3-5 authors: "Classification of congenital malformation is difficult" (Fred, Dick, McMenamin& Lee, 2002, p. 128). or Fred, Dick, McMenamin and Lee describe why the "classification of congenital malformation is very difficult" (2002, p. 128). Subsequent entries (Fred, et al., 2002, p. 150)
• The Reference, Fred, J., Dick, A., McMenamin, P., & Lee, W. (2002). The eye: Basic sciences in practice. Sydney: Saunders., is needed

Other Reference Styles

• Works with 6 or more authors include the reference, Bennett, M., de Young, R., Saunders, L., Carrapiett, D., Pressley, P., &Etridge, S., et al. (2001). Nursing in the new millennium. Perth, WA: Manning Press. Use, The future of nursing (Bennett et al., 2001) … in the text
• If there are more than 6 authors do not list any names after the 6th, write et al. in their place.
• Book without an author: Nursing procedures made incredibly easy. (2002). Springhouse: Springhouse. Use False high blood pressure reading may be caused by “… ” (Nursing Procedures, 2002, p. 17). in the text
• Book with an editor: Manubrium is described as “…” (Macpherson, 1995, p. 307)., reference Macpherson, G. (Ed.). (1995). Black‟s medical dictionary (38th ed.). London: A & C Black.
• Oxford: Oxford University Press., Use "A Dictionary of Nursing (2003, p. 63) defines bradycardia as “…”" in the text
• Encyclopedia Entry: In the text, use Stevens (2005) describes and use Stevens, C. F. (2005). Nervous system. In The World Book encyclopedia (Vol. 14, pp. 132-136). Chicago: World Book. as a reference
• Referencing to a secondary author: , Palfrey (2000, as cited in Talbot &Verrinder, 2005, p. 79) claims that health policies.Only the book that has been read is the one included in the reference list., Talbot, L., &Verrinder, G. (2005). Promoting health: A primary care approach (3rd ed.). Marrickville: Elsevier.

Journal articles

• Cite the article with the title, Gregory and Verdouw (2005) explain the basic philosophy as The reference would be, Gregory, S., &Verdouw, J. (2005). Therapeutic touch: Its application for residents in aged care. Australian Nursing Journal, 12(7), 23-25.
• Journal article with No Author:Cite the article with article name and use, Mobile phones could monitor patient health. (2007). Nursing Times, 102(50), 2. as the reference
• Journal article from an electronic database: If citing Knezev in the text use, Knezev claims there is a"diabetes epidemic" in the United States (2009, p. 1061). and use the reference, Knezev, M. (2009). Estimating the long-term costs of diabetic kidney disease: An economic approach. Applied Economic Letters, 16(10), 1059-1064. Retrieved from Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost.

Electronic Resources

• Document on the WWW with an author or sponsor: If using a quote cite in text as, There are a number of concerns for gestational diabetes (Diabetes WA, 2006) …
• With the reference, Diabetes WA. (2006). Gestational. Retrieved October 17, 2008
• http://diabeteswa.com.au/Default.aspx?f=pv&ctr=Default&mid=133&pid=433&page_id=436
• if no author, cite the Document on the WWW
• Refernce with, A Deaf Society. (n.d.). You have rights!
• Retrieved October 17, 2008, fromhttp://www.wadeaf.org.au/index.php?id=45
• EBook, If quoting a user cite, O‟Leary reported “common painkillers …” (2005, p. 1).
• With a reference to, O‟Leary, C. (2005, June 11). Painkillers raise heart attack risk. The West Australian, p. 1
• In a story from Virginia ("Chemist Refuses", 2008), it was found . With a reference to, Chemist refuses to sell contraceptives. (2008, October 23). The West Australian, p. 36.

Harvard Referencing Style

• This styleis used to cite information sources.
• Two types of citations are included: In-text citations are used when directly quoting or paraphrasing a source.
• Harvard uses the 'author-date' style of referencing, in the following format: (Author's Last Name Year of Publication, Page Number(s))
• In-Text Example: (Austen 1813, p. 64)

Examples of in-text citation and reference list using Harvard style

• Single Author: In text (Holt 1997) or Holt (1997) wrote that…
• Reference: Holt, DH 1997, Management principles and practices, Prentice-Hall, Sydney.
• 2 or 3 authors: In-text (McCarthy, William & Pascale 1997)
• Reference: McCarthey, EJ, William, DP & Pascale, GQ 1997, Basic marketing, Irwin, Sydney.
• More than 3 authors: In-text (Bond et al. 1996)
• Reference: Bond, WR, Smith, JT, Brown, KL & George, M 1996, Management of small firms, McGraw-Hill, Sydney.
• No author: In text (A history of Greece 1994)
• Edited: (Jones 1998) Reference Jones, MD (ed) 1998, Management in Australia, Academic Press, London.

More examples for Harvard Referencing Style

• Referencing Bullinger & Warnecke in the text: Use (Bullinger&Warnecke ke 1985) The reference would be: Bullinger, HJ & Warnecke HJ (eds) 1985, Toward the factory of the future, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
• Government body as author: Using (Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics 2001) in the text would need this reference: Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics 2001, Aquaculture developments in Australia: a review of key economic issues, ABARE, Canberra
• Chaprer or article in a book: In text Use Milkman 1998, p.25 The reference required is: Milkman, R 1998, ‘The new American workplace: High road or low road?” in P Thompson & C Warhurst, (eds), Workplaces of the future, pp. 22-34. Macmillan Press, London.
• Edition other than first: Use Drafke (2009) The Reference required is, Drafke, M 2009, The human side of organizations, 10th edn, Pearson/Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
• For and eBook: (Drucker 2012)Refernce this to: Drucker, P2012, Managing the non-profit organization, Routledge, London. Available from: Ebook Library. [29 September 2015].

Referencing Styles

• Citing in a journal , Use Conley &Galeson (Conley &Galeson 1998) with: Conley, TG &Galeson, DW 1998, 'Nativity and wealth in mid- nineteenth century cities', Journal of Economic History, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 468-493.
• Electronic Article, cite (Liveris 2011) To: Liveris, A 2011, ‘Ethics as a strategy’, Leadership Excellence, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 17-18. Available from: ProQuest. [13 October 2015].
• Referencing Websites, cite (Weida&Stolley 2013)To: Weida, S &Stolley, K 2013, Developing strong thesis statements

The Modern Language Association (MLA) Referencing Style

• It acknowledges other authors ideas.

• Readers locate the reference and indicates the scope and depth of the research.

• Citations start with the author's last name and page number.

• The reference list starts with the author's last name, first name, title, publication place, publisher, and year.

• In-text: (McDonagh 80)…. or McDonagh has discussed (80)…. The Reference List is then: McDonagh, Sean.Why are we Deaf to the Cry of the Earth.Dublin: Veritas, 2001.

• If there are more than 3 athors: If citing In-text use: McGeady, et al (155) suggests…. With a Reference to then: McGeady, Thomas et al. Veterinary Embryology. Oxford:Blackwell, 2006

Modern Langague Association

• When in text, mention the author with, Bethany and McLean (122) highlight…. Reference by, McLean, Bethany and Peter Elkind. The Smartest Guys in the Room: The Amazing Rise and Scandalous Fall of Enron. New York: Portfolio, 2004.
• To reference the editor of a book: In text , use: Booth (55) argues…. Reference to: Booth, David. Ed. Rethinking Social Development: Theory, Research and Practice.
• For the reference of Journals in text cite; Mann (850) argues…. with the referece to Mann, Susan. 'Myths of Asian Womanhood'. Journal of Asian Studies. 59.1 (2000): 835-62.

Webistes and Other Sources

• Other srouces may also be cited in journals, such as faris (440) highlights the role…. With a reference to: Faris, Marc. "That Chicago Sound: Playing with (Local) Identity in Underground Rock.” Popular Music & Society 27.4 (2004): 429-454. EBSCOhost. Web. 5 April 2011.
• Gleeson (16) argues…. Reference: Gleeson, Jim. 'Towards Holistic Approach to School Discipline.' Irish Times 10 February 2006, p.16.
• Others reported…. : Keenan, Dan.'North Voters Go to Polls Today.' Irish Times. The Irish Times 5 May 2010 and access online http://vitalsalt on the 27th day of April in 2011

Session 15 Summarized

• One has to use citations to give credit to the original source of an idea, quote, or piece of information used in research.
• A successful research must understand concepts such as Fair Use, Unfair Use, and plagiarism.
• Plagiarism is an academic fraud which should come with consequences
• Citation/ Referencing styles are used when writing. Referencing includes in-text referencing and the reference list at the end of the assignment.
• Referencing styles will depend on the course of study.
• Referencing styles from different disciplines include: MLA, APA, Chicago, and Harvard.
• Ensure a lecturer/instructor has assigned a citation guide before recording sources.