Acknowledging Sources: Citations and Avoiding Plagiarism

Acknowledgment of Sources

• When using external sources, proper acknowledgment is crucial.
• Acknowledging sources involves crediting the origin of information.
• All written work must give credit to all sources used.
• Plagiarism is presenting someone else's words or ideas as your own without proper credit.

Ways of Acknowledging – In-Text Citations

• In-text citations acknowledge sources within the body of your paper; format varies by citation style.
• APA style includes the author and year in parentheses, such as "(Smith, 2020)."
• Harvard style also includes the author and year in parentheses, like "(Smith, 2020)."
• MLA style includes the author and page number, such as "(Smith 25)."
• Chicago style uses footnotes or endnotes for detailed citations, indicated by a superscript number in the text.

Ways of Acknowledging – Endnotes or Footnotes

• Chicago and Turabian styles often use footnotes or endnotes for citations.
• Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, while endnotes are at the end of the paper.

Ways of Acknowledging – Bibliography or References List

• A bibliography or references list at the end of your paper provides full details of all cited sources.
• APA style requires the reference list to be organized alphabetically by the author's last name.
• Harvard style also lists references alphabetically and includes full-source details.
• MLA style alphabetizes the works cited and includes all referenced sources.

Referencing Online Articles

• When referencing online articles, include the author or authoring organization's name.
• For individual authors, provide the last name, first name, and initial. For companies, provide the web name.
• Include the date of publication if available.
• Provide the title of the release if available.
• Include the publisher if available.
• Include the accessed day, month, and year.
• Include the full URL.

Intellectual Property (IP)

• Intellectual Property (IP) refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, designs, and symbols, names, and images used in commerce
• IP laws protect the rights of creators in their creative and inventive endeavors.
• These laws give creators exclusive economic rights for a limited time.
• General IP laws cover patents, trademarks, designs, and copyrights.
• A patent grants ownership of an invention for a specific period.
• A trademark is a legally registered symbol or word.
• Design laws protect exclusive commercial rights to a product's unique visual appearance.
• Copyright protects any tangible form of expression.
• Digital Rights Management (DRM) is a strategy to stop piracy.
• Intellectual property rights allow IP owners to sell their materials.
• Acknowledging the IP owner recognizes the source of an idea.

Privacy Act 1988 (Australia)

• The Privacy Act 1988 is an Australian law regulating how the government and organizations handle personal information.
• The Act covers the collection, use, storage, and disclosure of personal information.
• It gives individuals greater control over how businesses and government agencies handle their personal information.
• The Privacy Act applies to most Australian government agencies and private-sector organizations with an annual turnover of over $3 million.
• It also covers some smaller businesses, like those providing health services or trading in personal information.

Personal Information

• Personal information is any data collected about an individual that makes that person identifiable.
• This includes names, contact details, signatures, dates of birth, pictures of family, social media accounts, and stories about one's life.

Sensitive Information

• Sensitive information includes health details, racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, criminal records, bank account details, tax file numbers, and religious beliefs.
• Additional safeguards apply to handling this type of information.
• Sensitive information is typically data people would not want to share and might cause distress if accessed without authorization.
• People are generally less likely to share sensitive information compared to personal information.

Enforcement

• The Australian Information Commissioner (OAIC) enforces compliance with the Privacy Act.
• The OAIC can investigate complaints, conduct audits, and impose penalties for non-compliance.
• Mandatory data breach notification requirements mandate that organizations must notify affected individuals and the OAIC if a data breach is likely to result in serious harm.

Australian Privacy Principles (APPs)

• The Privacy Act incorporates thirteen Australian Privacy Principles (APPs) that outline the obligations of organizations when collecting, using, storing, and disclosing personal information.
• These principles ensure transparency, consent, data security, accuracy, and access to personal information.
• If a company collects information, it must be crucial to their day-to-day business.
• If sensitive information is collected, individual consent is required.
• Personal information must be used as part of the normal business function.
• The information must be kept secure to prevent interference, misuse, and loss; medical records are only accessible to medical staff directly dealing with the patient.
• If a person wants to see what information a company has on them, the company must show it to them.

Privacy Act Principles – Sample Breaches

• Breaches occur when businesses fail to disclose why personal information is collected, how it will be used, and who it will be disclosed to.
• Breaches occur when businesses do not give customers the option of not identifying themselves.
• Breaches occur when businesses identify a customer without giving them the option of not being identified.
• Breaches occur when businesses deny customers access to the personal information the business collects about them and deny the customer access to correct the information they collect about an individual.
• Businesses breaches the act if reasonable attempts has not been made to secure personal data, not providing it to a 3rd party without content.
• Businesses must safely dispose of information if and when it is not needed.

Identity Theft

• Is when someone pretends that they are you
• Identity theft can be used for incurring debts via banking activities against your name without your consent and creating travel documents which then can be used for criminal activities.
• Anyone can be a victim of identity theft.
• If you post personal information on the internet, you might be at risk of identity theft
• Do not download files from websites that are not known to you
• Do not open emails if you do not know the sender and should delete them

Safe Disposal of Data

• Companies must destroy or de-identify data when finished with it.
• Paper data is burned or shredded.
• Digital data on a hard drive or USB is physically destroyed or wiped.
• Companies must ensure the owner can't be identified by removing or covering over names.
• For example, the Schools Curriculum and Standards Authority of West Australia must delete past WACE exams after a period.

Copyright Law

• Copyright is part of Intellectual Property law.
• Copyright grants creators exclusive rights to their original works to protect creativity and innovation.
• Rights include the authority to reproduce, distribute, display, perform, and create derivative works.
• The Copyright Act 1968 is key legislation in Australia that governs copyright law.
• The act protects original literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works, plus sound recordings, broadcasts, and published editions.
• Copyright protection in Australia is free and automatic.
• Copyright protection extends to both published and unpublished works.
• Copyright provides exclusive rights for fair dealing, private use, and moral rights to a product.
• The act covers the common works: text, artistic works, sound and film recordings, and computer games and programs
• Copyright terms can be transferred, inherited, or purchased. Items can become copyright-free 70 years after the author's death.
• If an individual creates a work, they own the copyright. If an employee creates it, the employer owns the copyright.

Public Right of Access

• (i.e. what is not protected under the Copyright Act)
• Material that is out of copyright
• 10% rule - i.e. a single copy of a chapter/publication
• Library/educational institution/government copying
• Fair dealing

The Copyright Act 1968 (Australia) – Fair Dealing

• It can be copied only under certain conditions:
  • for research or study
  • for criticism or review
  • for news reporting
  • for professional advice
  • for parody or satire

Private Use

• In 2006, it was approved to record a broadcast for later viewing for private use, and it includes copying a sound recording, magazine or newspaper article.

Moral Rights

• The right to be clearly labeled as the author.
• There is a right for others to NOT claim your work
• There is a right to NOT have the work treated poorly/in a poor manner.
• Moral rights came into copyright in 2000 in Australia.

Digital Citizenship

• Digital citizenship is the responsible and safe use of technology/internet to engage in society.
• Key aspects include the responsible use of social media (online etiquette), and understanding cyberbullying and applying strategies to manage and limit it

Digital Citizenship Guidelines Using Networking

• It requires engaging with social networking sites in a manner that respects oneself and others.
• Check and update privacy settings regularly. Think before posting to consider the content' long-term impact
• Respect others and avoid harmful behaviour.

Cyberbullying

• Cyberbullying includes harassment that sends offensive or threatening messages.
• Exclusion intentionally excludes someone from an online group.
• Cyberstalking involves behaviour towards an individual
• Catfishing involves someone using a fake identity to trick you into believing you are in an online romantic relationship with them; they may embarrass or humiliate you by sharing secrets.

Strategies to Manage/Limit Cyber Bullying

• Do Not Engage: Avoid responding to cyberbullies.
• Block/Report: Use platform tools to block and report bullying behavior.
• Keep Evidence: Save messages or screenshots as proof.
• Schools and organizations should educate about the effects of cyberbullying, establish counselling and support and implement anti-cyberbullying policies and consequences.

Impact of Digital Technologies on Work-Life Balance

• Remote work options allow better work-life integration.
• Technology helps manage tasks more efficiently.
• Blurred Boundaries: Difficulty in separating work from personal life leading to longer work hours and increased stress levels
• Constant Connectivity: Pressure to be always available can lead to burnout.

Social Networking

• Social networking involves using websites and applications to interact with others, share content, and build communities.
• Networking can be used for friendship and family, professional connections and career opportunities or information sharing.
• General social networks include Facebook (profiles, newsfeeds, groups, events), Instagram (photo and video sharing, stories, and reels), LinkedIn (professional networking, job search, and industry news), and X (to connect its users and allow them to share their thoughts with their followers and others through the use of hashtags).
• Specialized Social Networks include Reddit (community-based discussions), and PrinterArte (visual discovery and bookmarking of ideas and inspirations)
• Online Chat Rooms: Real-time text communication among users with common interests, e.g. Discord servers, Telegram groups; includes instant messaging, file sharing, and user moderation.
• Virtual Worlds: Definition: Online environments where users interact through avatars, e.g. Minecraft, Fortnite, Includes user-created content, social interaction, economic systems