Cirrhosis and Its Clinical Features

<p>Chronic liver disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AST (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive impairment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary sclerosing cholangitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spironolactone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paracentesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatic encephalopathy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suggests spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactulose and rifaximin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flapping tremor (asterixis) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.0–1.5 L/24 hrs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Escherichia coli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To combat bacterial infection effectively (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of multiple organisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in serum creatinine ≥ 26.5 μmol/L within 48 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HRS-AKI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary antibiotic prophylaxis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Response to nephrotoxic drugs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identifying and treating precipitating factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To improve renal perfusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low albumin and high bilirubin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.2–1.5 g/kg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endoscopy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<blockquote> <p>11 g/L (D)</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium restriction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ascites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal abdominal circumference (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic hepatitis B infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha-fetoprotein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2%–6% per year (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multi-phase contrast-enhanced CT or MRI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Worsening ascites and jaundice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tumor size, number, and severity of liver disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A single mass (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An abnormal response of the liver to chronic injury, characterized by diffuse scarring (fibrosis) and nodule formation. It is usually the end stage of chronic liver disease.

The damage often occurs due to chronic viral hepatitis, excessive long-term alcohol use, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

A common symptom associated with cirrhosis which causes yellowing of the skin and eyes due to the liver's inability to process bilirubin.

An accumulation of fluid in the abdomen caused by portal hypertension, a common complication of cirrhosis.

Dilated blood vessels on the skin, often appearing as spider-like patterns, which can indicate liver dysfunction.

The enlargement of the spleen, often associated with portal hypertension, a consequence of cirrhosis.

A condition where the liver cannot remove toxins effectively, leading to changes in cognitive function and neurological symptoms.

A serious complication of cirrhosis that involves blood in the stomach or esophagus, potentially leading to life-threatening bleeding.

A measure of nutritional status, often used to assess overall health, but not always reliable for detecting muscle loss.

Loss of muscle mass, often linked to aging and other health issues. It can coexist with obesity, making it harder to detect.

A serious condition affecting the liver, characterized by scarring and nodule formation, often leading to complications.

Fluid buildup in the abdominal cavity, a common complication of cirrhosis, indicating portal hypertension.

A diagnostic procedure involving the removal of fluid from the abdominal cavity to analyze its components.

A measure to assess liver function and predict survival in patients with cirrhosis.

A measure to assess liver function and predict survival in patients with cirrhosis, often used alongside the Child-Pugh Score.

A serious complication of cirrhosis involving bleeding from varicose veins in the esophagus, possibly leading to life-threatening situations.

High blood pressure within the portal vein system of the liver. It can be caused by liver damage or blockage in the liver's blood flow.

A neuropsychiatric syndrome caused by liver disease, manifesting as a range of symptoms from mild cognitive impairment to coma.

A medication used to treat fluid buildup in the body, especially in patients with heart failure and liver disease. It works by increasing urine production.

An artificial connection between the portal vein and a vein in the liver. It is used to relieve portal hypertension, a complication of liver disease.

A type of bacterial infection that can occur in the abdominal fluid of people with liver disease. It is a serious complication that can lead to sepsis.

A medication used to treat high blood pressure in the liver. It blocks the action of aldosterone, a hormone that promotes sodium retention. This helps to reduce fluid buildup.

A common complication of cirrhosis that involves bleeding from enlarged blood vessels in the stomach or esophagus.

A type of kidney failure that develops in patients with advanced liver disease, caused by reduced blood flow to the kidneys.

A rapid decline in kidney function that occurs suddenly in patients with cirrhosis, often triggered by an event like infection or bleeding.

A slower, more gradual decline in kidney function that develops over weeks or months in patients with cirrhosis. There's no obvious trigger, but it leads to a stable or slowly progressive kidney failure.

The primary way to manage HRS is by identifying and effectively treating the underlying cause, whether it's an infection, bleeding, or other factors.

A medication that helps increase blood volume, particularly in patients with low albumin levels, which is common in liver disease.

A type of antibiotic commonly used to prevent SBP in patients with cirrhosis, particularly those with low ascitic protein levels.

A type of liver cancer that is the most common primary liver tumor and the sixth most frequent cause of cancer globally.

A scarring of the liver that is present in most cases of HCC, increasing the risk of developing this type of liver cancer.

A potent risk factor for HCC, increasing the risk 100-fold. It is the major cause of HCC worldwide.

A serum marker often produced by HCC, with levels increasing as the tumor grows.

A common imaging technique used to detect early signs of HCC, as it can spot liver lesions as small as 1 cm.

The hallmark of HCC on imaging, showing strong contrast enhancement in the arterial phase and a gradual decrease in contrast enhancement in the portal venous phase.

A combination of treatments used to manage HCC, tailored to factors such as tumor size, severity of liver disease, and overall health condition.

A common complication of cirrhosis that can worsen with HCC, resulting in fluid accumulation in the abdomen.