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Questions and Answers
What mechanism is NOT involved in maintaining the forward movement of blood in the superior vena cava?
What mechanism is NOT involved in maintaining the forward movement of blood in the superior vena cava?
- Valves derived from endothelium and connective tissue of the vein wall
- Movement of organs in the thorax during respiration
- Contraction of nearby skeletal muscle fibers
- Movement of cerebral fluid (correct)
Which statement is true regarding varicose veins?
Which statement is true regarding varicose veins?
- Varicose veins are caused by a breakdown in venous valves. (correct)
- They occur only in deep veins of the legs.
- They can only be treated by surgical methods.
- Superficial veins are less susceptible to varicosities due to more support.
What is the largest vein in the body?
What is the largest vein in the body?
- Pulmonary vein
- Inferior vena cava (correct)
- Great saphenous vein
- Superior vena cava
In systemic circulation, what type of blood is transported away from the left ventricle?
In systemic circulation, what type of blood is transported away from the left ventricle?
Which vein is the longest in the body and most susceptible to vericosities?
Which vein is the longest in the body and most susceptible to vericosities?
What type of circulation involves the transportation of blood to the lungs?
What type of circulation involves the transportation of blood to the lungs?
Which factor does NOT assist in the movement of blood through the veins?
Which factor does NOT assist in the movement of blood through the veins?
The azygos vein serves as a bypass to which vein?
The azygos vein serves as a bypass to which vein?
What is the primary function of the placenta in fetal circulation?
What is the primary function of the placenta in fetal circulation?
Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood towards the fetus?
Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood towards the fetus?
What is the consequence of failure to close the Foramen Ovale after birth?
What is the consequence of failure to close the Foramen Ovale after birth?
How does blood flow relate to the pressure in the circulatory system?
How does blood flow relate to the pressure in the circulatory system?
What happens to the Ductus Arteriosus after birth?
What happens to the Ductus Arteriosus after birth?
Why is the velocity of blood flow slowest in the capillaries?
Why is the velocity of blood flow slowest in the capillaries?
What primarily influences venous blood flow?
What primarily influences venous blood flow?
Which of the following statements about fetal circulation is true?
Which of the following statements about fetal circulation is true?
What is the primary function of capillaries in the circulatory system?
What is the primary function of capillaries in the circulatory system?
What physiological feature regulates blood flow into capillaries?
What physiological feature regulates blood flow into capillaries?
What triggers the contraction of arterio-venous shunts (AV shunts)?
What triggers the contraction of arterio-venous shunts (AV shunts)?
Which type of capillaries is characterized by a continuous endothelium and tight junctions?
Which type of capillaries is characterized by a continuous endothelium and tight junctions?
Which of the following statements about capillary structure is true?
Which of the following statements about capillary structure is true?
What role does osmotic pressure play in capillary function?
What role does osmotic pressure play in capillary function?
Why is the diameter of a capillary so small?
Why is the diameter of a capillary so small?
What effect does contracting precapillary sphincters have on blood flow?
What effect does contracting precapillary sphincters have on blood flow?
What does pulse provide vital information about?
What does pulse provide vital information about?
Which artery is most commonly used to take one’s pulse?
Which artery is most commonly used to take one’s pulse?
What is defined as the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures?
What is defined as the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures?
Which instrument is necessary for measuring blood pressure?
Which instrument is necessary for measuring blood pressure?
What occurs to the artery during the pulse?
What occurs to the artery during the pulse?
What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
Which pressure is first detected when measuring blood pressure and indicates systolic pressure?
Which pressure is first detected when measuring blood pressure and indicates systolic pressure?
What is the purpose of inflating the cuff above systolic pressure?
What is the purpose of inflating the cuff above systolic pressure?
What is the diastolic pressure defined as?
What is the diastolic pressure defined as?
What is the typical value for normal blood pressure referred to as?
What is the typical value for normal blood pressure referred to as?
How does blood pressure generally change as blood moves away from the left ventricle?
How does blood pressure generally change as blood moves away from the left ventricle?
What directly affects the peripheral resistance of blood vessels?
What directly affects the peripheral resistance of blood vessels?
What happens to blood pressure when resistance increases?
What happens to blood pressure when resistance increases?
Which factor decreases blood viscosity?
Which factor decreases blood viscosity?
How does vessel elasticity relate to blood pressure?
How does vessel elasticity relate to blood pressure?
Which hormone can cause vasoconstriction and impact blood pressure?
Which hormone can cause vasoconstriction and impact blood pressure?
What is the primary function of the tunica externa in blood vessels?
What is the primary function of the tunica externa in blood vessels?
Which property of arteries is primarily responsible for absorbing the shock of ventricular contractility?
Which property of arteries is primarily responsible for absorbing the shock of ventricular contractility?
What happens to the lumen size of an artery during vasoconstriction?
What happens to the lumen size of an artery during vasoconstriction?
Which type of blood is carried by the pulmonary artery in post-natal life?
Which type of blood is carried by the pulmonary artery in post-natal life?
What controls the contraction and relaxation of arterioles?
What controls the contraction and relaxation of arterioles?
What process allows arteries to assist in forward blood flow after ventricular contraction?
What process allows arteries to assist in forward blood flow after ventricular contraction?
Which feature is NOT indicative of arterioles compared to larger arteries?
Which feature is NOT indicative of arterioles compared to larger arteries?
What is the effect of norepinephrine on blood pressure in relation to arterioles?
What is the effect of norepinephrine on blood pressure in relation to arterioles?
What primarily regulates blood flow entering a capillary?
What primarily regulates blood flow entering a capillary?
How does the structure of capillaries facilitate the exchange of materials?
How does the structure of capillaries facilitate the exchange of materials?
What type of stimuli can influence the contraction of arterio-venous shunts?
What type of stimuli can influence the contraction of arterio-venous shunts?
What happens to blood flow when precapillary sphincters contract?
What happens to blood flow when precapillary sphincters contract?
Which of the following accurately describes capillaries?
Which of the following accurately describes capillaries?
Which factor is NOT involved in the movement of fluid across capillary walls?
Which factor is NOT involved in the movement of fluid across capillary walls?
What characteristic of capillaries makes them suitable for nutrient and waste exchange?
What characteristic of capillaries makes them suitable for nutrient and waste exchange?
Which of the following statements about capillary distribution is true?
Which of the following statements about capillary distribution is true?
What occurs to blood pressure as blood moves away from the left ventricle?
What occurs to blood pressure as blood moves away from the left ventricle?
Which factor directly decreases peripheral resistance in blood vessels?
Which factor directly decreases peripheral resistance in blood vessels?
What relationship does blood viscosity have with blood pressure?
What relationship does blood viscosity have with blood pressure?
Which environmental factor influences vasoconstriction significantly?
Which environmental factor influences vasoconstriction significantly?
How does aging specifically affect blood vessels and blood pressure?
How does aging specifically affect blood vessels and blood pressure?
Which hormone is specifically associated with increasing blood pressure through vasoconstriction?
Which hormone is specifically associated with increasing blood pressure through vasoconstriction?
What effect does an increase in plasma volume have on blood viscosity?
What effect does an increase in plasma volume have on blood viscosity?
What is the primary characteristic of laminar flow in blood vessels?
What is the primary characteristic of laminar flow in blood vessels?
What condition is characterized by inflammation of a vein often leading to pain and lameness in a limb?
What condition is characterized by inflammation of a vein often leading to pain and lameness in a limb?
Which term describes a significant decrease in blood pressure upon standing or changing posture?
Which term describes a significant decrease in blood pressure upon standing or changing posture?
What medication type works by preventing blood platelets from sticking together?
What medication type works by preventing blood platelets from sticking together?
Which phenomenon is primarily triggered by cold temperatures or emotional stress, leading to reduced blood flow in extremities?
Which phenomenon is primarily triggered by cold temperatures or emotional stress, leading to reduced blood flow in extremities?
What is the common term for medications that decrease the coagulating ability of the blood?
What is the common term for medications that decrease the coagulating ability of the blood?
Which condition is defined as pain and lameness in the limbs due to inadequate blood circulation?
Which condition is defined as pain and lameness in the limbs due to inadequate blood circulation?
What is the primary underlying mechanism for orthostatic hypotension?
What is the primary underlying mechanism for orthostatic hypotension?
What term describes the closure or obstruction of a blood vessel's lumen?
What term describes the closure or obstruction of a blood vessel's lumen?
How does an increase in hematocrit affect blood viscosity?
How does an increase in hematocrit affect blood viscosity?
What physiological mechanism causes baroreceptors to signal a decrease in heart rate?
What physiological mechanism causes baroreceptors to signal a decrease in heart rate?
What is a consequence of increased stroke volume (SV) on cardiac output (Q)?
What is a consequence of increased stroke volume (SV) on cardiac output (Q)?
Which factor does NOT affect blood pressure regulation?
Which factor does NOT affect blood pressure regulation?
How does an increase in venous return affect cardiac output?
How does an increase in venous return affect cardiac output?
What directly influences the frequency of action potentials sent by baroreceptors?
What directly influences the frequency of action potentials sent by baroreceptors?
What physiological state occurs during erythrocytosis?
What physiological state occurs during erythrocytosis?
Which would NOT likely result in a decrease in blood volume?
Which would NOT likely result in a decrease in blood volume?
Where does gas exchange take place?
Where does gas exchange take place?
What is the first way veins get forward flow to the heart?
What is the first way veins get forward flow to the heart?
Which of the following has the highest pressure? (vein)
Which of the following has the highest pressure? (vein)
Which of the following has the lowest pressure?
Which of the following has the lowest pressure?
What 4 things is Blood pressure characterized by?
What 4 things is Blood pressure characterized by?
What is the normal blood pressure?
What is the normal blood pressure?
What is normal pulse pressure?
What is normal pulse pressure?
what is the correct formula for Mean Arterial Pressure
what is the correct formula for Mean Arterial Pressure
Blood pressure is greater in .................. as opposed to .................
Blood pressure is greater in .................. as opposed to .................
As blood moves away, blood pressure
As blood moves away, blood pressure
What 4 things affect blood pressure?
What 4 things affect blood pressure?
If peripheral resistance increases, blood pressure
If peripheral resistance increases, blood pressure
A decreases of elasticity is a ............... of Blood Pressure?
A decreases of elasticity is a ............... of Blood Pressure?
Hematocrit is the ................... of Red Blood cells in whole blood.
Hematocrit is the ................... of Red Blood cells in whole blood.
Any factor that will increase hematocrit will ..................... viscosity.
Any factor that will increase hematocrit will ..................... viscosity.
Which of the following makes up the formed elements?
Which of the following makes up the formed elements?
An increase of plasma in the blood will ................... viscosity.
An increase of plasma in the blood will ................... viscosity.
Erythrocytosis is the .............. of RBC production. Whereas Erythropenia is the .............. of RBC production.
Erythrocytosis is the .............. of RBC production. Whereas Erythropenia is the .............. of RBC production.
How can Stroke Volume be increased or decreased?
How can Stroke Volume be increased or decreased?
Chemoreceptors response to partial pressure of which 3 elements?
Chemoreceptors response to partial pressure of which 3 elements?
What are the 2 short term methods to regulate Blood Pressure?
What are the 2 short term methods to regulate Blood Pressure?
Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate long term BP?
Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate long term BP?
Whenever Blood pressure decreases, the ............ secrete renin into blood. Renin activates a conversion of Angiotensin to .................... Angiotensin then travels to the ................. and becomes angiotensin ...........
Whenever Blood pressure decreases, the ............ secrete renin into blood. Renin activates a conversion of Angiotensin to .................... Angiotensin then travels to the ................. and becomes angiotensin ...........
What does Angiotensin 2 do?
What does Angiotensin 2 do?
Aldosterone stimulates the .................... to reabsorb .................. water follows which results in the increase of water volume which ................. blood pressure.
Aldosterone stimulates the .................... to reabsorb .................. water follows which results in the increase of water volume which ................. blood pressure.
What 3 things comes off the Aorta?
What 3 things comes off the Aorta?
Which wall of the Artery is in contact with blood?
Which wall of the Artery is in contact with blood?
Which part wall of artery is innervated by the ANS?
Which part wall of artery is innervated by the ANS?
What is the only artery that carries poorly oxygenated blood in post-natal life?
What is the only artery that carries poorly oxygenated blood in post-natal life?
What kind of tissue is the tunica intima?
What kind of tissue is the tunica intima?
What kind of tissue is the tunica media?
What kind of tissue is the tunica media?
Arteries are ...................... pressure ..................... capacity/volume
Arteries are ...................... pressure ..................... capacity/volume
The ability to contract an artery comes from the tunica .................. because of the smooth muscle tissue
The ability to contract an artery comes from the tunica .................. because of the smooth muscle tissue
What type of capillaries have porous walls that allow nutrients, water, and water-soluble waste products to exit the capillary lumen?
What type of capillaries have porous walls that allow nutrients, water, and water-soluble waste products to exit the capillary lumen?
Which type of capillaries control bulk transport?
Which type of capillaries control bulk transport?
Veins are .............. volume, ............... pressure
Veins are .............. volume, ............... pressure
Which of the following are required to maintain forward flow due to hydrostatic pressure in the Superior Vena Cava? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are required to maintain forward flow due to hydrostatic pressure in the Superior Vena Cava? (Select all that apply)
What is the largest vein in the body?
What is the largest vein in the body?
What vein is a bypass to the inferior vena cava?
What vein is a bypass to the inferior vena cava?
What is the longest vein in the human body?
What is the longest vein in the human body?
What are the two types of circulatory routes?
What are the two types of circulatory routes?
Which circulatory route loses CO2 and becomes O2?
Which circulatory route loses CO2 and becomes O2?
What is the term that involves partial or complete blockage of one or more of the coronary arteries and their branches?
What is the term that involves partial or complete blockage of one or more of the coronary arteries and their branches?
Where does the right coronary artery branch into?
Where does the right coronary artery branch into?
Where does the left coronary artery branch into?
Where does the left coronary artery branch into?
What branches off the ascending aorta?
What branches off the ascending aorta?
What is the medical term for a blockage by a blood clot that impedes blood flow?
What is the medical term for a blockage by a blood clot that impedes blood flow?
Clots can either be .........
Clots can either be .........
Which condition consists of fatty deposits in blood vessels?
Which condition consists of fatty deposits in blood vessels?
Where does the oxygenation of fetal blood flow take place?
Where does the oxygenation of fetal blood flow take place?
The one umbilical vein transports .............. blood .............. the fetus and away from the placenta.
The one umbilical vein transports .............. blood .............. the fetus and away from the placenta.
The 2 umbilical arteries transport .............. blood ................. from the fetus and to the placenta.
The 2 umbilical arteries transport .............. blood ................. from the fetus and to the placenta.
What are 2 non-functional structures that shunt blood through the heart and bypass the lungs?
What are 2 non-functional structures that shunt blood through the heart and bypass the lungs?
The foramen ovale closes shortly after birth and is referred to as the?
The foramen ovale closes shortly after birth and is referred to as the?
Flashcards
Tunica Externa
Tunica Externa
The outermost layer of blood vessels, primarily composed of connective tissue, collagen, and elastic fibers.
Lumen of an Artery
Lumen of an Artery
The hollow center of an artery, where blood flows.
Artery Elasticity
Artery Elasticity
Ability of arteries to expand & recoil during blood flow, smoothing out the flow.
Artery Contractility
Artery Contractility
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Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Artery
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Arterioles
Arterioles
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Autonomic Control
Autonomic Control
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Capillaries
Capillaries
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Capillary Distribution
Capillary Distribution
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Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure
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Peripheral Resistance
Peripheral Resistance
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Blood Viscosity
Blood Viscosity
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Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output
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Baroreceptors
Baroreceptors
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Chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
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Occlusion
Occlusion
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Hypotension
Hypotension
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Orthostatic Hypotension
Orthostatic Hypotension
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Phlebitis
Phlebitis
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Thrombophlebitis
Thrombophlebitis
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AV Shunt
AV Shunt
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Capillary Exchange
Capillary Exchange
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Study Notes
Tunica Externa
- The outermost layer of blood vessels, primarily composed of collagenous connective tissue and varying amounts of elastic fibers.
- Its main function is to bind the vessel to surrounding tissues.
Lumen of an Artery
- The hollow center of an artery through which blood flows.
Elasticity of Arteries
- Arteries expand to accommodate blood flow during ventricular contraction.
- This expansion and subsequent recoil help absorb the shock of ventricular contraction and facilitate pulsitile blood flow (forward movement).
- Arteries are characterized by high pressure and low capacity/volume.
Contractility of Arteries
- Smooth muscle tissue surrounding the tunica media layer gives arteries the ability to contract.
- Contraction of this smooth muscle narrows the lumen.
- Vasoconstriction: decrease in lumen size.
- Vasodilation: increase in lumen size.
Pulmonary Artery
- The only artery that carries deoxygenated blood in post-natal life.
Arterioles
- The smallest vessels with three layers: intima, media, and adventitia.
- Media and adventitia layers disappear as they branch into capillaries, leaving only the tunica intima.
- Walls are similar in thickness to the diameter of the lumen.
- Primarily responsible for directing and diverting blood flow.
Autonomic Control of Arterioles
- Sympathetic control: Norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.
- Parasympathetic control: Acetylcholine causes vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.
Factors Affecting Arteriole Smooth Muscle Contraction
- Epinephrine (sympathetic stimulation).
- Angiotensin (details discussed later).
- Atrionatremic factor (ANF): regulates heart blood pressure.
- Kinins: released at wound sites.
- Histamine: released during tissue injury and immune reactions.
Capillaries
- Smallest and most numerous blood vessels.
- Composed of a single layer of simple epithelium (tunica intima) with a basement membrane.
- Their thin walls allow exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and tissue cells.
- Diameter is small enough for only one red blood cell to pass through at a time.
Capillary Distribution
- Varies with metabolic demand.
- Skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney have the most extensive capillary networks.
Movement into Capillaries
-
Controlled by hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure, allowing for bulk flow and simple diffusion of water.
-
Precapillary sphincters: control the flow of blood into capillaries.
- Sphincter contraction reduces blood flow. - Sphincter relaxation increases blood flow.
Movement between Arterial and Venous Sides
- Controlled by Arterio-Venous Shunts (AV shunts) or Metarterioles.
- Contraction of smooth muscle in these shunts allows blood to bypass tissue bed and be directed elsewhere.
AV Shunt Responsiveness
- Respond to thermal stimuli, mechanical stimuli, and chemical stimuli, regulating their opening and closing.
Types of Capillaries
- Classified by the morphology of their endothelial cells.
Blood Pressure
- The force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels.
- Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.
- Highest in elastic arteries and lowest in large veins.
Factors Affecting Blood Pressure
- Directly related to blood pressure:
- Peripheral resistance: friction between blood and vessel walls. - Blood flow is faster in the center of the vessel due to less resistance, creating laminar flow.
- Blood viscosity: thickness of blood. - Increased plasma volume (water) decreases viscosity. - Increased hematocrit (percentage of red blood cells) increases viscosity.
- Volume of blood: average adult volume is 5 liters. - Increased volume increases blood pressure.
- Cardiac output: amount of blood pumped per minute. - Increased heart rate or stroke volume increases cardiac output and blood pressure.
Regulation of Blood Pressure
- Short-term mechanisms: baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.
- Long-term mechanisms: (details not covered in this text).
Baroreceptors
- Located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus.
- Respond to changes in pressure by stretching their walls.
- Increased pressure: sends action potentials to the medulla oblongata, decreasing heart rate and causing vasodilation.
- Decreased pressure: decreases action potentials to the medulla oblongata, increasing heart rate and causing vasoconstriction.
Chemoreceptors
- Sensitive to changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH.
- Stimulate changes in heart rate, respiration, and blood vessel diameter.
Occlusion
- Closure or obstruction of a lumen, such as in a blood vessel.
Hypotension
- Low blood pressure, often used to describe an acute drop in blood pressure.
Orthopstatic Hypotension
- Excessive lowering of blood pressure upon assuming an upright position, often a sign of disease.
Phlebitis
- Inflammation of a vein.
Phlebotomy
- Incision into a vein.
Reynaud's Disease
- Vascular disorder, common in women, characterized by bilateral attacks of ischemia, usually affecting fingers and toes.
Thrombophlebitis
- Inflammation of a vein accompanied by clot formation.
Superficial Thrombophlebitis
- Affects veins under the skin, especially in the calf.
Anticoagulants
- Reduce the coagulating ability of blood.
- Examples: heparin, citrate, Coumadin, Hirudin.
- Help prevent clot formation and enlargement.
Antiplatelets
- Prevent blood clots by stopping platelets from sticking together.
- Example: aspirin.
- Used in patients with heart attack, TIA (transient ischemic attacks), and plaque buildup.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the human circulatory system, focusing on veins, blood flow, and fetal circulation. This quiz covers various aspects, including the mechanisms involved in blood movement and key anatomical features. Challenge yourself with questions about the functions of different blood vessels and their roles in circulation.
