Circulatory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What mechanism is NOT involved in maintaining the forward movement of blood in the superior vena cava?

  • Valves derived from endothelium and connective tissue of the vein wall
  • Movement of organs in the thorax during respiration
  • Contraction of nearby skeletal muscle fibers
  • Movement of cerebral fluid (correct)

    • Which statement is true regarding varicose veins?

  • Varicose veins are caused by a breakdown in venous valves. (correct)
  • They occur only in deep veins of the legs.
  • They can only be treated by surgical methods.
  • Superficial veins are less susceptible to varicosities due to more support.

    • What is the largest vein in the body?

  • Pulmonary vein
  • Inferior vena cava (correct)
  • Great saphenous vein
  • Superior vena cava

    • In systemic circulation, what type of blood is transported away from the left ventricle?

    <p>Oxygenated blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein is the longest in the body and most susceptible to vericosities?

    <p>Great saphenous vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of circulation involves the transportation of blood to the lungs?

    <p>Pulmonary circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT assist in the movement of blood through the veins?

    <p>Gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The azygos vein serves as a bypass to which vein?

    <p>Inferior vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the placenta in fetal circulation?

    <p>To provide oxygen and nutrients to the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood towards the fetus?

    <p>One umbilical vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of failure to close the Foramen Ovale after birth?

    <p>Occurrence of Foramen Ovale syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does blood flow relate to the pressure in the circulatory system?

    <p>Blood flows in the same direction as decreasing pressure gradients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the Ductus Arteriosus after birth?

    <p>It transforms into a fibrous cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the velocity of blood flow slowest in the capillaries?

    <p>To allow for proper exchange of gases and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily influences venous blood flow?

    <p>Skeletal muscle action and respiratory movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about fetal circulation is true?

    <p>The Foramen Ovale allows blood to bypass the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of capillaries in the circulatory system?

    <p>Facilitate nutrient and waste exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological feature regulates blood flow into capillaries?

    <p>Precapillary sphincters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the contraction of arterio-venous shunts (AV shunts)?

    <p>Thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of capillaries is characterized by a continuous endothelium and tight junctions?

    <p>Continuous capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about capillary structure is true?

    <p>Capillaries have a high surface area to volume ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does osmotic pressure play in capillary function?

    <p>It drives fluid movement across capillary walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the diameter of a capillary so small?

    <p>To allow single-file movement of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does contracting precapillary sphincters have on blood flow?

    <p>Reduces blood flow into capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pulse provide vital information about?

    <p>Heart rate, strength of contraction, and rhythmicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is most commonly used to take one’s pulse?

    <p>Radial artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures?

    <p>Pulse pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which instrument is necessary for measuring blood pressure?

    <p>Sphygmomanometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the artery during the pulse?

    <p>It expands and then recoils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

    <p>The average blood pressure in the arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pressure is first detected when measuring blood pressure and indicates systolic pressure?

    <p>The pressure when Korotkoff sounds first appear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of inflating the cuff above systolic pressure?

    <p>To block all blood flow temporarily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diastolic pressure defined as?

    <p>The pressure at which the last sound is heard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical value for normal blood pressure referred to as?

    <p>120/80 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does blood pressure generally change as blood moves away from the left ventricle?

    <p>Blood pressure decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What directly affects the peripheral resistance of blood vessels?

    <p>Blood vessel diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood pressure when resistance increases?

    <p>Blood pressure increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor decreases blood viscosity?

    <p>Increased plasma volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vessel elasticity relate to blood pressure?

    <p>Decreased elasticity causes increased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone can cause vasoconstriction and impact blood pressure?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the tunica externa in blood vessels?

    <p>It binds the vessels to surrounding tissue structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of arteries is primarily responsible for absorbing the shock of ventricular contractility?

    <p>Elasticity of the artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the lumen size of an artery during vasoconstriction?

    <p>It decreases significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood is carried by the pulmonary artery in post-natal life?

    <p>Deoxygenated blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What controls the contraction and relaxation of arterioles?

    <p>Primarily autonomic control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows arteries to assist in forward blood flow after ventricular contraction?

    <p>Pulsatile flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is NOT indicative of arterioles compared to larger arteries?

    <p>They contain a thicker tunica media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of norepinephrine on blood pressure in relation to arterioles?

    <p>Triggers vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily regulates blood flow entering a capillary?

    <p>Precapillary sphincters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the structure of capillaries facilitate the exchange of materials?

    <p>They have a single layer of simple epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stimuli can influence the contraction of arterio-venous shunts?

    <p>Thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood flow when precapillary sphincters contract?

    <p>Blood flow decreases meaningfully.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes capillaries?

    <p>Their small diameter limits blood flow to single red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT involved in the movement of fluid across capillary walls?

    <p>Blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of capillaries makes them suitable for nutrient and waste exchange?

    <p>Their thin walls allowing for easy diffusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about capillary distribution is true?

    <p>Capillary density increases in tissues with high metabolic demand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to blood pressure as blood moves away from the left ventricle?

    <p>Blood pressure decreases gradually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor directly decreases peripheral resistance in blood vessels?

    <p>Increased blood vessel diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What relationship does blood viscosity have with blood pressure?

    <p>Increased viscosity requires more pressure to maintain flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental factor influences vasoconstriction significantly?

    <p>Norepinephrine release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aging specifically affect blood vessels and blood pressure?

    <p>Decreases vessel elasticity, increasing blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is specifically associated with increasing blood pressure through vasoconstriction?

    <p>Angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in plasma volume have on blood viscosity?

    <p>Decreases blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of laminar flow in blood vessels?

    <p>Blood in contact with the vessel wall moves slowly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by inflammation of a vein often leading to pain and lameness in a limb?

    <p>Thrombophlebitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a significant decrease in blood pressure upon standing or changing posture?

    <p>Orthostatic Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medication type works by preventing blood platelets from sticking together?

    <p>Antiplatelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon is primarily triggered by cold temperatures or emotional stress, leading to reduced blood flow in extremities?

    <p>Reynaud's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common term for medications that decrease the coagulating ability of the blood?

    <p>Anticoagulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is defined as pain and lameness in the limbs due to inadequate blood circulation?

    <p>Claudication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary underlying mechanism for orthostatic hypotension?

    <p>Inadequate autonomic response to posture changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the closure or obstruction of a blood vessel's lumen?

    <p>Occlusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an increase in hematocrit affect blood viscosity?

    <p>It increases viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological mechanism causes baroreceptors to signal a decrease in heart rate?

    <p>Increased blood pressure stretching the receptor walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of increased stroke volume (SV) on cardiac output (Q)?

    <p>Q increases linearly with SV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect blood pressure regulation?

    <p>Body temperature fluctuations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an increase in venous return affect cardiac output?

    <p>It increases cardiac output due to increased preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What directly influences the frequency of action potentials sent by baroreceptors?

    <p>The stretch of the receptor wall due to blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological state occurs during erythrocytosis?

    <p>Increase in RBC count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which would NOT likely result in a decrease in blood volume?

    <p>Hydration through intravenous fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does gas exchange take place?

    <p>capillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first way veins get forward flow to the heart?

    <p>hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following has the highest pressure? (vein)

    <p>Digital vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following has the lowest pressure?

    <p>Digital Artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What 4 things is Blood pressure characterized by?

    <ol> <li>Systolic Pressure</li> <li>Diastolic Pressure</li> <li>Pulse Pressure</li> <li>Mean Arterial Pressure</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal blood pressure?

    <p>120/80 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is normal pulse pressure?

    <p>40 mm/hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    what is the correct formula for Mean Arterial Pressure

    <p>MAP=DBP + 1/3 PP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood pressure is greater in .................. as opposed to .................

    <p>arteries, veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As blood moves away, blood pressure

    <p>decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What 4 things affect blood pressure?

    <p>Peripheral Resistance, blood viscosity, volume of blood, cardiac output = Q=HR x SV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If peripheral resistance increases, blood pressure

    <p>increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A decreases of elasticity is a ............... of Blood Pressure?

    <p>increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hematocrit is the ................... of Red Blood cells in whole blood.

    <p>percentage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Any factor that will increase hematocrit will ..................... viscosity.

    <p>increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following makes up the formed elements?

    <p>RBC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An increase of plasma in the blood will ................... viscosity.

    <p>decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythrocytosis is the .............. of RBC production. Whereas Erythropenia is the .............. of RBC production.

    <p>excess, lack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can Stroke Volume be increased or decreased?

    <ol> <li>Preload</li> <li>Amount of Venous Return</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemoreceptors response to partial pressure of which 3 elements?

    <ol> <li>Co2</li> <li>H+ (ph)</li> <li>Oxygen 02</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 2 short term methods to regulate Blood Pressure?

    <p>Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate long term BP?

    <p>renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Whenever Blood pressure decreases, the ............ secrete renin into blood. Renin activates a conversion of Angiotensin to .................... Angiotensin then travels to the ................. and becomes angiotensin ...........

    <p>kidneys, angiotensin 1, lungs, 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Angiotensin 2 do?

    <p>vasoconstriction which increases Blood Pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aldosterone stimulates the .................... to reabsorb .................. water follows which results in the increase of water volume which ................. blood pressure.

    <p>kidneys, sodium, increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What 3 things comes off the Aorta?

    <p>Ascending Aorta, Arch of Aorta, Descending Aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which wall of the Artery is in contact with blood?

    <p>tunica intima</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part wall of artery is innervated by the ANS?

    <p>tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the only artery that carries poorly oxygenated blood in post-natal life?

    <p>Pulmonary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of tissue is the tunica intima?

    <p>epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of tissue is the tunica media?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Arteries are ...................... pressure ..................... capacity/volume

    <p>high, low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability to contract an artery comes from the tunica .................. because of the smooth muscle tissue

    <p>media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of capillaries have porous walls that allow nutrients, water, and water-soluble waste products to exit the capillary lumen?

    <p>Fenestrated capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of capillaries control bulk transport?

    <p>Vesicular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Veins are .............. volume, ............... pressure

    <p>high, low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are required to maintain forward flow due to hydrostatic pressure in the Superior Vena Cava? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Contraction of skeletal muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest vein in the body?

    <p>Vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vein is a bypass to the inferior vena cava?

    <p>Azygos vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the longest vein in the human body?

    <p>Saphenous vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of circulatory routes?

    <p>Systemic and pulmonary circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which circulatory route loses CO2 and becomes O2?

    <p>Pulmonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that involves partial or complete blockage of one or more of the coronary arteries and their branches?

    <p>clinical coronary occlusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the right coronary artery branch into?

    <p>posterior interventricular and marginal arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the left coronary artery branch into?

    <p>circumflex and anterior interventricular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What branches off the ascending aorta?

    <p>Left and Right Coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical term for a blockage by a blood clot that impedes blood flow?

    <p>Thrombus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clots can either be .........

    <p>Clots can be digested by enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition consists of fatty deposits in blood vessels?

    <p>Atherosclerotic plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the oxygenation of fetal blood flow take place?

    <p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The one umbilical vein transports .............. blood .............. the fetus and away from the placenta.

    <p>oxygenated, toward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 2 umbilical arteries transport .............. blood ................. from the fetus and to the placenta.

    <p>deoxygenated, away</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are 2 non-functional structures that shunt blood through the heart and bypass the lungs?

    <p>Foramen ovale (FO) and ductus arteriosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The foramen ovale closes shortly after birth and is referred to as the?

    <p>Fossa ovalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Tunica Externa

    • The outermost layer of blood vessels, primarily composed of collagenous connective tissue and varying amounts of elastic fibers.
    • Its main function is to bind the vessel to surrounding tissues.

    Lumen of an Artery

    • The hollow center of an artery through which blood flows.

    Elasticity of Arteries

    • Arteries expand to accommodate blood flow during ventricular contraction.
    • This expansion and subsequent recoil help absorb the shock of ventricular contraction and facilitate pulsitile blood flow (forward movement).
    • Arteries are characterized by high pressure and low capacity/volume.

    Contractility of Arteries

    • Smooth muscle tissue surrounding the tunica media layer gives arteries the ability to contract.
    • Contraction of this smooth muscle narrows the lumen.
    • Vasoconstriction: decrease in lumen size.
    • Vasodilation: increase in lumen size.

    Pulmonary Artery

    • The only artery that carries deoxygenated blood in post-natal life.

    Arterioles

    • The smallest vessels with three layers: intima, media, and adventitia.
    • Media and adventitia layers disappear as they branch into capillaries, leaving only the tunica intima.
    • Walls are similar in thickness to the diameter of the lumen.
    • Primarily responsible for directing and diverting blood flow.

    Autonomic Control of Arterioles

    • Sympathetic control: Norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.
    • Parasympathetic control: Acetylcholine causes vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.

    Factors Affecting Arteriole Smooth Muscle Contraction

    • Epinephrine (sympathetic stimulation).
    • Angiotensin (details discussed later).
    • Atrionatremic factor (ANF): regulates heart blood pressure.
    • Kinins: released at wound sites.
    • Histamine: released during tissue injury and immune reactions.

    Capillaries

    • Smallest and most numerous blood vessels.
    • Composed of a single layer of simple epithelium (tunica intima) with a basement membrane.
    • Their thin walls allow exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and tissue cells.
    • Diameter is small enough for only one red blood cell to pass through at a time.

    Capillary Distribution

    • Varies with metabolic demand.
    • Skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney have the most extensive capillary networks.

    Movement into Capillaries

    • Controlled by hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure, allowing for bulk flow and simple diffusion of water.

    • Precapillary sphincters: control the flow of blood into capillaries.

                - Sphincter contraction reduces blood flow.
          - Sphincter relaxation increases blood flow.

    Movement between Arterial and Venous Sides

    • Controlled by Arterio-Venous Shunts (AV shunts) or Metarterioles.
    • Contraction of smooth muscle in these shunts allows blood to bypass tissue bed and be directed elsewhere.

    AV Shunt Responsiveness

    • Respond to thermal stimuli, mechanical stimuli, and chemical stimuli, regulating their opening and closing.

    Types of Capillaries

    • Classified by the morphology of their endothelial cells.

    Blood Pressure

    • The force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels.
    • Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.
    • Highest in elastic arteries and lowest in large veins.

    Factors Affecting Blood Pressure

    • Directly related to blood pressure:
      • Peripheral resistance: friction between blood and vessel walls. - Blood flow is faster in the center of the vessel due to less resistance, creating laminar flow.
      • Blood viscosity: thickness of blood. - Increased plasma volume (water) decreases viscosity. - Increased hematocrit (percentage of red blood cells) increases viscosity.
      • Volume of blood: average adult volume is 5 liters. - Increased volume increases blood pressure.
      • Cardiac output: amount of blood pumped per minute. - Increased heart rate or stroke volume increases cardiac output and blood pressure.

    Regulation of Blood Pressure

    • Short-term mechanisms: baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.
    • Long-term mechanisms: (details not covered in this text).

    Baroreceptors

    • Located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus.
    • Respond to changes in pressure by stretching their walls.
    • Increased pressure: sends action potentials to the medulla oblongata, decreasing heart rate and causing vasodilation.
    • Decreased pressure: decreases action potentials to the medulla oblongata, increasing heart rate and causing vasoconstriction.

    Chemoreceptors

    • Sensitive to changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH.
    • Stimulate changes in heart rate, respiration, and blood vessel diameter.

    Occlusion

    • Closure or obstruction of a lumen, such as in a blood vessel.

    Hypotension

    • Low blood pressure, often used to describe an acute drop in blood pressure.

    Orthopstatic Hypotension

    • Excessive lowering of blood pressure upon assuming an upright position, often a sign of disease.

    Phlebitis

    • Inflammation of a vein.

    Phlebotomy

    • Incision into a vein.

    Reynaud's Disease

    • Vascular disorder, common in women, characterized by bilateral attacks of ischemia, usually affecting fingers and toes.

    Thrombophlebitis

    • Inflammation of a vein accompanied by clot formation.

    Superficial Thrombophlebitis

    • Affects veins under the skin, especially in the calf.

    Anticoagulants

    • Reduce the coagulating ability of blood.
    • Examples: heparin, citrate, Coumadin, Hirudin.
    • Help prevent clot formation and enlargement.

    Antiplatelets

    • Prevent blood clots by stopping platelets from sticking together.
    • Example: aspirin.
    • Used in patients with heart attack, TIA (transient ischemic attacks), and plaque buildup.

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