Circulatory System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the coronary vessels located on the surface of the heart?

Supply the heart cells with oxygenated blood.

What are the two main circulatory pathways for blood in the body?

  • Arterial circulation (heart) and venous circulation (lungs)
  • Blood circulation (arteries) and lymph circulation (veins)
  • Pulmonary circulation (lungs) and Systemic circulation (body) (correct)

    • What is the name of the structure that separates the left and right sides of the heart?

  • Artery
  • Septum (correct)
  • Valve

    • What is the function of the atrioventricular (AV) valves?

    <p>Prevents backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chordae tendineae are located between the atria and ventricles.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chamber of the heart is the thickest and strongest?

    <p>Left ventricle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood is pumped to the aorta?

    <p>Oxygenated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood is pumped to the pulmonary arteries?

    <p>Deoxygenated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the sound heard when the semilunar valves close during the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Dubb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the sound heard when the AV valves close during the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Lubb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an electrocardiogram (ECG) measure?

    <p>Heart electrical activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles contract?

    <p>Systole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles relax?

    <p>Diastole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood pressure is highest in which type of blood vessel?

    <p>Arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood flows most slowly through the capillaries to allow for sufficient diffusion of gases and nutrients.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three factors affecting blood pressure?

    <p>Heart rate, contraction force, blood vessel diameter and amount of blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors increase blood pressure?

    <p>Decrease in diameter or vasoconstriction of blood vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures increase as people age.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the systemic circulation responsible for?

    <p>Transporting blood to and from the body cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ circulation carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

    <p>pulmonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these vessels carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?

    <p>Pulmonary artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these vessels carries oxygenated blood back to the heart?

    <p>Pulmonary veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these vessels carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body?

    <p>Aorta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these blood vessels are associated with the digestive system?

    <p>Portal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these blood vessels are associated with the kidneys?

    <p>Renal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these blood vessels are associated with the heart?

    <p>Coronary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    How many chambers does a fish heart have?

    The number of chambers in the heart of a fish.

    How many chambers does a reptile heart have?

    The number of chambers in the heart of a reptile.

    How many chambers does a mammal heart have?

    The number of chambers in the heart of mammals and humans.

    What is the primary function of blood?

    The process by which blood transports nutrients to cells and removes waste products.

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    How does blood contribute to communication within the body?

    The transport of chemical messengers (hormones) from cells to target tissues.

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    How does blood help regulate body temperature?

    The distribution of heat throughout the body to maintain a stable internal temperature.

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    How does blood contribute to immunity?

    The defense against invading organisms through the action of white blood cells.

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    How does blood help maintain fluid balance?

    Blood, in conjunction with the kidneys, regulates the balance of body fluids.

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    What are arteries?

    Thick-walled blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

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    What are capillaries?

    The smallest blood vessels, with thin walls that allow for diffusion of substances between blood and tissues.

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    What are veins?

    Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

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    What are vasodilation and vasoconstriction?

    The expansion and contraction of blood vessels, especially arterioles, to regulate blood flow.

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    What is blood pressure?

    The force of blood against the walls of arteries, measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).

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    What is systolic pressure?

    The pressure during the contraction of the ventricles, the highest pressure in the cardiac cycle.

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    What is diastolic pressure?

    The pressure during the relaxation of the ventricles, the lowest pressure in the cardiac cycle.

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    What is a pulse?

    The rhythmic expansion and contraction of arteries, caused by the pumping action of the heart.

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    What is pulmonary circulation?

    The flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

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    What is systemic circulation?

    The flow of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart.

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    What are coronary vessels?

    The blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself.

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    What is the right atrium?

    The upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the body.

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    What is the left atrium?

    The upper chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

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    What is the right ventricle?

    The lower chamber of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

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    What is the left ventricle?

    The lower chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

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    What is the septum?

    The wall of tissue that separates the right and left sides of the heart.

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    What are atrioventricular (AV) valves?

    The valves located between the atria and ventricles, preventing backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria.

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    What are semilunar valves?

    The valves located at the base of the aorta and pulmonary artery, preventing backflow of blood into the ventricles.

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    What is the superior vena cava?

    The large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the head and upper body to the right atrium.

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    What is the inferior vena cava?

    The large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium.

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    What is the pulmonary artery?

    The artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

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    What are the pulmonary veins?

    The veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

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    What is the aorta?

    The largest artery in the body, carrying oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.

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    What is the cardiac cycle?

    The sequence of events in one heartbeat, involving contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers and the flow of blood through the heart.

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    What is systole?

    The period of contraction of the ventricles, when blood is pumped out of the heart.

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    What is diastole?

    The period of relaxation of the ventricles, when the heart chambers fill with blood.

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    Study Notes

    Circulatory System

    • The circulatory system is a network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body.
    • Vertebrates have different circulatory systems like fish (two-chambered heart), reptiles (three-chambered heart), and mammals/humans (four-chambered heart).
    • Blood vessels include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
    • Arteries carry blood away from the heart, are thick-walled with elastic fibers, and have high pressure.
    • Arterioles regulate blood flow to tissues by vasodilating and vasoconstricting.
    • Capillaries are thin-walled, allowing for diffusion of gases and nutrients.
    • Venules collect blood from capillaries and lead to veins, which return blood to the heart. Veins contain one-way valves to prevent backflow.
    • Blood pressure is the pressure of blood in arteries during heart contraction.
    • A pulse is a rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery caused by blood flow.

    Five Circulatory Functions

    • Carry nutrients from the digestive system to cells.
    • Carry away cellular waste products.
    • Carry hormones from one area to distant target tissues.
    • Deliver heat throughout the body.
    • Support immunity (white blood cells).

    Function of Blood Vessels

    • Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
    • Veins carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart.
    • Capillaries allow for the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and tissues.
    • Arterioles and venules control and direct blood flow in the circulation.

    Blood Vessel Structure

    • Arteries: thick walls with smooth muscle and elastic fibers.
    • Veins: thinner walls with less smooth muscle, and valves to prevent backflow.
    • Capillaries: very thin walls consisting of only one cell layer.

    Heart Structure and Function

    • The human heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
    • The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood, while the left side receives oxygenated blood.
    • The septum separates the right and left sides of the heart.
    • The heart pumps blood through the body.

    Heart Valves

    • Atrioventricular (AV) valves (tricuspid and bicuspid) prevent backflow from ventricles to atria.
    • Semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) prevent backflow from arteries to ventricles.

    Blood Pathways in the heart

    • Blood flows from the body (deoxygenated) in the vena cava to the right atrium to the right ventricle(and into the pulmonary artery).
    • Blood flows to the lungs(where it picks up oxygen) from the pulmonary artery into the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, and to the left ventricle and into the aorta(oxygenated).

    Coronary Vessels

    • Coronary vessels deliver oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.
    • Obstructions can cause angina or heart attacks.

    Vena Cava

    • The superior vena cava collects blood from the head and arms and delivers to the right atrium
    • The inferior vena cava collects blood from the lower body and delivers to the right atrium

    Pulmonary Artery and Veins

    • Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
    • Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

    Systemic Circulation

    • Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
    • Important parts of the system include the arteries, arterioles, and capillaries.

    Coronary Circulation

    • Supplies blood to the heart muscle.
    • Consists of a right and left coronary artery.

    Portal System

    • Blood travels from one capillary bed to another capillary bed, not directly to the heart.

    Renal System

    • Supplies blood to the kidneys

    Blood Pressure

    • Blood pressure reflects blood flow pressure.
    • It is measured using a sphygmomanometer.
    • Expressed as two numbers: systolic and diastolic pressure.

    Factors Affecting Blood Pressure

    • Heart rate and contraction force.
    • Diameter and elasticity of blood vessel walls.
    • The amount of blood.
    • Exercise, alcohol.
    • Diet.
    • Age.
    • Genes

    Measuring Blood Pressure

    • Systolic pressure (ventricles contracting)
    • Diastolic pressure (ventricles relaxing)

    Blood Velocity in Vessels

    • Blood flows fastest in arteries, slowest in capillaries.
    • This allows for sufficient time for diffusion.

    Surface Area in Vessels

    • Capillaries have the greatest surface area.
    • This large surface area facilitates efficient gas exchange.

    Age and Blood Pressure

    • Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures increase with age due to arteries hardening and less active muscles.

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    Description

    Explore the essential components and functions of the circulatory system in vertebrates. This quiz delves into the various heart structures across species, the types of blood vessels, and the mechanics of blood flow. Test your knowledge on blood pressure, pulse, and nutrient transport.

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