Biology 20 Unit 4: Energy and Matter Exchange in Humans PDF

Biology 20 Unit 4: Energy and Matter Exchange in Humans Topic One  Reptiles Mammals Three and Humans Chamber Four Heart Chamber Heart Fish Two Chamber Heart  Five Circulatory Functions 1. C...

Biology 20 Unit 4: Energy and Matter Exchange in Humans Topic One  Reptiles Mammals Three and Humans Chamber Four Heart Chamber Heart Fish Two Chamber Heart  Five Circulatory Functions 1. Carries nutrients to cells, wastes away from cells 2. Carries chemical messengers (hormones) from cells in one part of the body to distant target tissues 3. Distributes heat throughout the body 4. Immunity - Defense against invading organisms(White blood cells) 5. Along with the kidneys, maintains levels of body fluids NHHIF = never have hair in face  FUNCTION OF BLOOD VESSELS Away Valves Artery Vein Venules Arterioles Capillaries Diffusion = deoxygenated (low O2), high CO2 Types of vessels video: (1 min) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjNKbL_- = oxygenated (high O2), low CO2 cwA&feature=related&safety_mode=true&per sist_safety_mode=1  Topic 1-2 Blood Vessels Capillaries (Thinnest) Arteries Veins (Thickest) (In between)  Topic 1-2 Blood Vessels There are three kinds of blood vessels in the circulatory system: ARTERIES (THICKEST) CAPILLARIES (THINNEST) VEINS (IN BETWEEN)  Arteries and Arterioles Structure Thick muscular walls that can stretch easily to control the amount of blood flowing. Arterioles contain smooth muscle to regulate amount of blood flowing to tissues. Function – carry blood AWAY from the heart – Arterioles vasodilate (get wider) and vasoconstrict (get narrower) Smooth Muscle  Arteries and Arterioles A pulse is created when blood passes through an artery A person’s blood pressure is the pressure of the blood in an artery when the heart contracts Will cutting an artery kill you?  Capillary Structure Smallest blood vessel with thin walls that are only 1 cell thick – Red blood cells (RBC) pass through only one at a time FACT - Damaging a capillary bed causes BRUISING blood rushes into the interstitial spaces  Capillary Structure Precapillary sphincter muscles regulate the movement of blood from the arterioles into capillaries No cell is further than two cells away from a capillary Rings of smooth muscles regulating blood flow into the capillaries  Capillary Function Capillary Tissue wall is one O2 and nutrients cell layer thick CO2 and wastes Function: Diffusion and osmosis Moves nutrients and oxygen into the tissues Moves wastes and carbon dioxide into the blood  Veins and Venules Capillaries merge and become progressively larger vessels called venules Valve – Venules = small veins The venules come together and eventually Smooth form veins muscle  Veins Structure & Function Structure: – Thin walled, less smooth muscle than arteries – Larger in diameter than arteries – Contain one way valves Function: – Carry blood back to the heart  Flow of Blood through Vessels Oxygenated (high O2) Deoxygenated (low O2) Artery  Arteriole  Capillaries  Venule  Veins Flow of Blood through Vessels Artery Arteriole Capillaries Diffusion Vein Venule  Veins & Gravity The return of blood to the heart involves 2 problems: 1. Blood is under low pressure not sufficient to drive the blood back to the heart 2. Blood especially from the lower limbs must move up against gravity Mechanisms to Help Veins Return Blood to The Heart: A solution!! 1) One way valves: only 2) Skeletal muscle allow blood to move contractions push blood in towards the heart the vein back to the heart Blood cannot travel backwards One way valve  Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction The walls of arterioles are muscular and elastic, so they expand and contract. This is called vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Vasodilation Vasodilation Vasoconstriction Normal Arteriole Vasoconstriction  Vasodilation Vasoconstriction Increases blood flow and Reduces blood flow to the delivery of nutrients to the tissues tissues conserve heat Release of heat decreases the diameter of the blood vessel. Normal Arteriole Topic 1-3 Heart Structure and Function Whale heart  General Structure Size of a fist Made of cardiac muscle tissue – Only found in the heart Two pumps (left and right): – Two sides of the heart are separated by wall of muscle called the septum – Both sides pump at the same time aa Right Side Left Side Blood from the body Blood from the lungs Blood to the lungs Blood to the body Septum  to head Right Left Aorta From brain Left pulmonary artery Superior Vena Cava Right pulmonary artery to lungs to lungs Left pulmonary Right Pulmonary veins Veins Left atrium Right Atrium Semilunar valve Bicuspid (AV-valve) Tricuspid Valve (AV-valve) Right Ventricle Semilunar valve Inferior Left Ventricle Vena Cava from to body Descending Aorta body Septum Tracing Blood Flow Review AV=Atrioventricular The Pathway of Blood Through the Heart Superior/inferior vena cava Pulmonary veins Right atrium Left atrium Tricuspid valve/AV valve Bicuspid/AV valve Right ventricle Left ventricle Semilunar valve Semilunar valves Right/left pulmonary artery aorta LUNGS BODY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H04d3rJCLCE&feature=related&saf Heart video ety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1  Coronary Vessels Coronary Vessels = blood vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle – Blockage of these vessels can cause angina (chest pain) or heart attack Right side deals Left side with (BLUE) deals with (RED) deoxygenated aorta oxygenated blood blood Left ventricle Pumps blood to entire body very muscular  Chambers: Atria Structure: Thin wall Function: Receives blood from the veins – Right atrium receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava (body) pumps blood to right ventricle – Left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins (lungs) Pumps blood to the left ventricle  Chambers: Ventricles Structure: – Muscular thick walled heart chambers Functions: – Pumps blood to the arteries Left Ventricle – Right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary arteries (to the lungs) – Left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta (body)  Chambers: Ventricles Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right ventricle? It must work harder to pump blood to the entire body and not just to the lungs  Valves: Atrioventricular (AV) Structure: – Flaps of tissue – Located between the atria and ventricles Function: – Prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria – Supported by band of tissue Right AV valve = tricuspid valve known as the chordae Left AV valve = bicuspid valve tendineae  Valves: Semilunar Structure: Half moon shaped valves at base of arteries leaving the heart Function: Prevents backflow of blood into the ventricles  Atrioventricular Semilunar  Vessels: Vena Cava Superior Vena Cava: – Carries blood that is low in O2 and high in CO2 (deoxygenated) from the head to the right atrium Inferior Vena Cava: – Carries blood that is low in O2 and high in CO2 (deoxygenated) from the lower tissues (ex – legs) of the body to the right atrium  Vessels Pulmonary artery – Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs Pulmonary veins – Four veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium Aorta – Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body Bozeman Circulatory System 11:35 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJzJKvk WWDc&safety_mode=true  Aorta Superior vena cava Pulmonary artery Left atrium R. coronary artery Right atrium Left ventricle L. coronary artery Right ventricle Inferior vena cava Centre High Instructional Video for Heart Dissection https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SX8aDR9Av5w  Superior Vena Cava Aorta Right Pulmonary Artery Left Pulmonary Artery Right Pulmonary Veins Left Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Semilunar Valve Semilunar Valve Right Atrium Bicuspid (AV) Valve Tricuspid (AV) Valve Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Inferior Vena Cava Septum Descending Aorta No, the pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood. No, the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood. The walls of the atria are thinner than the walls seen in the ventricles. The ventricular walls are thicker and more muscular because they have to pump blood a further distance. Once again, the left ventricle has a thicker and more muscular wall because it has a harder job (pumping blood throughout the body) Left ventricle Arteries have thicker walls than veins, this is because the arteries have to handle blood at higher pressure and they also contain more smooth muscle. Supply the heart cells with oxygenated blood.  Between each atrium and Prevent backflow of ventricle blood into the atria Both ventricles Support the AV valves Between the ventricles and the Prevent backflow of blood aorta (left) or Pulmonary into the ventricles arteries (right)  Blood Pathway in Heart Cardiac Cycle A cardiac cycle is one heartbeat The heart beats 60-75 times per minute Two sides of the heart beat in unison-first the atria then the ventricles Systole = heart (ventricles) contracts Diastole = heart (ventricles) relaxes  Cardiac Cycle: Stages 1. Heart relaxed The atria fill with blood 2. Atria contract A-V valves open, ventricles fill and the semilunar valve closes (creating a dubb sound) 3. Ventricles contract A-V valves close, blood is forced out of the arteries and the semilunar valve open (creating a lubb sound)  Heart Sounds – Link Heart sound: “lubb-dubb” – “Lubb”: AV-valves closing (systole phase, heart (ventricles) contracts) – “Dubb’: semilunar valves closing (diastole phase, heart (ventricles) relaxes) Bill Nye- heart 3:50 – 4:30 http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=RiYOuI7iyp8&safety_ mode=true&safe=active  Electrocardiograms Electrical impulses from the heart are displayed on a graph called an electrocardiograph Used to diagnose heart problems Compare tracings to determine areas of heart damage Bill Nye- ultrasound of heart 3:50 -end http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YlCX2NCEgc M&safety_mode=true&safe=active  Aorta Pulmonary artery Atria filling Semilunar valves open. Ventricles contract Atria and Systole ventricles fill A-V valves A-V open close “lubb” Atria contract Ventricles “dubb” filling Diastole Heart beating animation https://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=JA0Wb3gc4mE  Topic 1-4 Blood Pathways There are 2 main circulatory Pulmonary Circulation: pathways for blood in the To Lungs body: 1. Pulmonary Circulation (lungs) 2. Systemic circulation (body) Pulmonary and System circulation video Systemic Circulation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jznS5psypI&feature To body =related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 – Carries deoxygenated Pulmonary (oxygen poor) blood to the lungs (via pulmonary Circulation arteries) – At the lungs blood releases carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen – Oxygenated (oxygen rich) blood is carried back to the heart (via pulmonary veins)  Systemic Circulation Vessels that carry blood to and from the body cells coronary portal renal (highlight letters CPR)  Coronary Circulation Supplies blood to the heart muscle – There is a right and left coronary artery Left Coronary Artery Right Coronary Artery  Systemic Circulation cont... Portal – Supplies blood to the digestive organs and liver Renal – Supplies blood to the kidneys Topic 1-5 Blood Pressure  Blood Pressure Expressed as 2 numbers Systolic pressure 120 mmHg Normal blood pressure: 70 mmHg (Numbers are ± 10) Diastolic pressure Measured with a sphygmomanometer – “Blood pressure cuff” – The cuff closes off flow on brachial artery – The cuff is deflated until a sound is heard sphygmomanometer Brady (Mrs.Bawolin’s son)  Measuring Blood Pressure First sound is systolic pressure – ventricles contracting – normally 120 mm Hg – listen for sound with stethoscope When you stop hearing the sound, it represents diastolic pressure – ventricles relaxed and filling – normally 70 - 80 mmHg How to take blood pressure: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5AEquO13eI  Systolic Pressure ventricles are contracting AV valves closed semilunar valves open Blood heading out of heart to body & lungs  Diastolic Pressure Heart(ventricle) is relaxed AV valves open Semilunar valves closed Blood Pressure is HIGHEST in the ARTERIES and LOWEST in VEINS Pressure gets lower further away from heart Pull out, Betty! Pull out! You’ve hit an artery!” Blood Velocity in Vessels Blood slows in capillaries  BLOOD VELOCITY IN VESSELS The SPEED at which blood travels is fastest is in ARTERIES and slowest in CAPILLARIES. Why does blood flow slowly through the capillaries? Blood flows slowly through the capillaries so that there is more time for diffusion.  Surface Area in Vessels Largest SA The greatest SURFACE AREA of blood vessels is in the CAPILLARIES For diffusion.  Factors affecting Blood Pressure Heart Rate and Contraction Force Diameter and Elasticity of Blood Vessel Walls Amount of Blood  What factors would Increase Blood Pressure? Decrease in diameter or vasoconstriction (arterioles) would increase blood pressure due to an increase in resistance to flow (stress) Increased amount of blood will also increase blood pressure (ex - when you drink water after a salty meal.) Alcohol genetics What factors would Decrease Blood Pressure? Exercise: increases blood vessel diameter, or vasodilation Loss of blood Less salt in diet Eating right Less alcohol  WHAT HAPPENS WHEN PEOPLE AGE? Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures increase as people age! Why? Arteries harden, less active, muscles cannot stress as well Blood Pressure Activity http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs/BL_08/BL_08.html