Circulatory System Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

  • Right atrium (correct)
  • Right ventricle
  • Left ventricle
  • Left atrium

What is the correct order of the phases of the cardiac cycle during a heartbeat?

  • Ventricular systole, Atrial diastole, Atrial systole
  • Atrial diastole, Atrial systole, Ventricular diastole
  • Atrial systole, Ventricular systole, Atrial diastole, Ventricular diastole (correct)
  • Ventricular diastole, Atrial systole, Ventricular systole

Which type of blood vessel is primarily responsible for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes?

  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries (correct)
  • Venules

What constitutes the majority of blood volume?

<p>Plasma (C)</p>
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Which heart valve is located on the left side and allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

<p>Bicuspid/Mitral valve (D)</p>
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During which phase does the left ventricle pump oxygenated blood to the body?

<p>Ventricular systole (D)</p>
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What does the P wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represent?

<p>Atrial depolarization (C)</p>
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Which blood component is primarily involved in the immune response?

<p>White blood cells (A)</p>
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Which valve is responsible for preventing the backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle?

<p>Aortic valve (B)</p>
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What is measured as systolic over diastolic blood pressure?

<p>The force exerted by blood (A)</p>
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What is the primary role of fibrinogen in the blood coagulation process?

<p>Forms a stable fibrin clot (A)</p>
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Which statement accurately describes the ABO blood group system?

<p>Based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens (C)</p>
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Which of the following best describes the function of lymph nodes?

<p>Filter lymph and house immune cells (D)</p>
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According to Poiseuille’s Law, which factor has the greatest impact on the flow of blood in vessels?

<p>Radius of the vessel (B)</p>
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What is the relationship between cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume?

<p>Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume (C)</p>
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What occurs during vasodilation?

<p>Increased blood vessel diameter (B)</p>
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What defines the pressure gradient in the cardiovascular system?

<p>Blood moves from high-pressure to low-pressure areas (A)</p>
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Which statement accurately describes arteries?

<p>Have thick walls to withstand high pressure (B)</p>
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Which statement correctly describes fluid dynamics related to resistance in blood flow?

<p>Vessel diameter influences resistance significantly (D)</p>
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What is the primary function of veins in the circulatory system?

<p>Return deoxygenated blood to the heart (C)</p>
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Flashcards

Where is the heart located?

The heart is a vital organ located in the chest cavity, slightly tilted towards the left side. It's responsible for pumping blood throughout the body, carrying oxygen and nutrients.

What are the chambers of the heart?

The heart has four chambers: two atria (upper) and two ventricles (lower). The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, while the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

What are the layers of the heart wall?

The heart wall is made of three layers. Myocardium is the thick, muscular layer responsible for contractions. The pericardium is a protective outer covering surrounding the heart.

What are the heart valves and their functions?

Valves are crucial for ensuring one-way blood flow within the heart. The atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral) regulate blood flow between the atria and ventricles. The semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) control blood flow from the ventricles to the pulmonary artery and aorta.

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Explain systemic and pulmonary circulation.

Systemic circulation involves the movement of oxygenated blood from the heart to the body's tissues. Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and back to the heart.

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What is the role of arteries and veins?

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except for the pulmonary artery), while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (except for the pulmonary veins).

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What are capillaries and their function?

Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. They facilitate the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between blood and body tissues.

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What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?

Systole is the contraction phase where the ventricles pump blood out. Diastole is the relaxation phase where the heart chambers fill with blood.

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What are the heart sounds?

Lub is the sound of the heart valves closing, particularly the atrioventricular valves. Dub is the sound produced by the closure of the semilunar valves.

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What is blood pressure?

Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels. It's measured as systolic (contraction) over diastolic (relaxation) pressure using a sphygmomanometer.

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Blood Coagulation

The process by which blood clots to prevent excessive bleeding. It involves multiple steps: vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, coagulation cascade, and fibrin clot formation.

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ABO Blood Group

A type of blood grouping based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells.

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Rh Factor

A factor that determines whether a person's blood type is positive or negative. It refers to the presence or absence of Rh antigens on the surface of red blood cells.

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Lymph

A clear fluid similar to plasma that circulates throughout the lymphatic system. It is involved in immunity and fluid balance.

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Lymph Nodes

Small organs that filter lymph and store immune cells. They are important for fighting infections and maintaining fluid balance.

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Cardiac Output

The volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute. It's a measure of how efficiently your heart is pumping blood.

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Vasoconstriction

The narrowing of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure.

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Vasodilation

The widening of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure.

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Poiseuille's Law

A law that describes how the flow of fluid, such as blood, is affected by the radius, length, and viscosity of the vessel. It helps understand how blood flow changes in different parts of the circulatory system.

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Pressure Gradient

The difference in the rate of blood flow between two points in the circulatory system. This gradient drives blood flow from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure.

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Study Notes

Circulatory System

  • Heart: Located in the thoracic cavity, slightly left of center, composed of four chambers (two atria, two ventricles).
  • Atria: Upper chambers; right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
  • Ventricles: Lower chambers; right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body.
  • Heart Wall: Composed of cardiac muscle (myocardium) and an outer covering (pericardium).
  • Valves: Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid on right, bicuspid/mitral on left) and semilunar valves (pulmonary on right, aortic on left) regulate blood flow.
  • Blood Circulation:
    • Systemic: Oxygenated blood to the body.
    • Pulmonary: Deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
    • Coronary: Blood supply to the heart itself.
  • Blood Vessels:
    • Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary artery).
    • Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (except pulmonary veins).
    • Capillaries: Microscopic vessels facilitating gas and nutrient exchange.
  • Cardiac Cycle:
    • Systole: Contraction phase; blood ejection from ventricles.
    • Diastole: Relaxation phase; heart chambers fill with blood.
    • Phases: Atrial systole, ventricular systole, atrial and ventricular diastole.
    • Heart Sounds: "Lub" (AV valve closure), "Dub" (semilunar valve closure).
  • Blood Pressure: Force exerted by blood on vessel walls, measured as systolic/diastolic pressure.
  • ECG:
    • P wave: Atrial depolarization.
    • QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization.
    • T wave: Ventricular repolarization.

Blood

  • Components:
    • Plasma: (55%) Water, proteins, nutrients, gases.
    • Formed Elements: (45%)
      • Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Contain hemoglobin, transport oxygen.
      • White Blood Cells (WBCs): Immune cells, fight infection.
      • Platelets: Involved in blood clotting.
  • Blood Coagulation: Process involving platelets, clotting factors (e.g., fibrinogen, prothrombin).
    • Stages: (Vasoconstriction, Platelet Plug, Coagulation Cascade, Fibrin Clot).
  • Blood Groups: ABO (based on A and B antigens) and Rh factor (presence/absence of Rh antigen).

Lymphatic System

  • Lymph: Clear fluid similar to plasma, involved in immunity and fluid balance.
  • Lymph Nodes: Small organs filtering lymph, housing immune cells.
  • Functions: Collects excess tissue fluid, returns it to the bloodstream, transports immune cells, defends against infections.

Fluid Dynamics

  • Blood Circulation Dynamics: Blood flows from high to low pressure.
  • Resistance: Affected by vessel diameter, length, and blood viscosity.
  • Cardiac Output (CO): Volume pumped per minute = Heart rate × Stroke volume.
  • Blood Flow Regulation: Controlled by the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic/parasympathetic), involving vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
  • Poiseuille's Law: Describes fluid flow relation to vessel radius, length, and viscosity.

Additional Concepts

  • Arteries vs. Veins: Arteries (thick walls, high pressure, oxygenated) vs. veins (thin walls, low pressure, deoxygenated, valves).
  • Capillary Exchange: Diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes across capillary walls.
  • Pressure Gradient: Blood moves from high pressure areas (ventricles) to low pressure areas (veins, atria).

Key Equations

  • Cardiac output = Heart rate × Stroke volume

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