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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a cause of circulatory shock?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of circulatory shock?
- Septic shock
- Anaemic shock
- Ischaemic shock (correct)
- Hypovolaemic shock
Which of the following is a mechanism by which the body attempts to compensate for circulatory shock?
Which of the following is a mechanism by which the body attempts to compensate for circulatory shock?
- Vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels
- Decreased cardiac output
- Decreased blood pressure
- Increased systemic vascular resistance (correct)
Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of circulatory shock?
Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of circulatory shock?
- Decreased heart rate
- Increased urine output
- Warm, flushed skin
- Rapid, shallow breathing (correct)
Which of the following is a common cause of anaemic shock?
Which of the following is a common cause of anaemic shock?
Which of the following is a major factor in determining the severity of circulatory shock?
Which of the following is a major factor in determining the severity of circulatory shock?
Which receptor primarily has a high affinity for vasopressors?
Which receptor primarily has a high affinity for vasopressors?
What is the effect of Beta 1 agonists on heart rate?
What is the effect of Beta 1 agonists on heart rate?
What metabolic process is indicated by the presence of lactic acid?
What metabolic process is indicated by the presence of lactic acid?
Which of the following has a minimal effect on vascular resistance?
Which of the following has a minimal effect on vascular resistance?
What happens to blood pressure upon Beta 1 receptor activation?
What happens to blood pressure upon Beta 1 receptor activation?
What is the typical pO2 level in the trachea?
What is the typical pO2 level in the trachea?
Which of the following areas has the lowest pO2 level?
Which of the following areas has the lowest pO2 level?
What components contribute to the total oxygen content of blood?
What components contribute to the total oxygen content of blood?
What is the typical pO2 level in arterial blood plasma?
What is the typical pO2 level in arterial blood plasma?
How does stimulation of adrenergic receptors impact oxygenation?
How does stimulation of adrenergic receptors impact oxygenation?
Which area has a pO2 level that is significantly lower than in the arterial blood plasma?
Which area has a pO2 level that is significantly lower than in the arterial blood plasma?
What is the typical pO2 in the alveolus?
What is the typical pO2 in the alveolus?
What other factors help ensure oxygen unloading at tissues that require it most?
What other factors help ensure oxygen unloading at tissues that require it most?
Flashcards
What is pO2 ?
What is pO2 ?
The pressure exerted by oxygen in a specific area of the body, measured in kilopascals (kPa).
What is the typical pO2 of the atmosphere?
What is the typical pO2 of the atmosphere?
The air we breathe has a pO2 of 21 kPa, which is significantly higher than inside the body.
What is the typical pO2 of the trachea?
What is the typical pO2 of the trachea?
The trachea, the airway leading to the lungs, has a pO2 of 20 kPa, slightly lower than the atmosphere due to initial gas exchange.
What is the typical pO2 of the alveolus?
What is the typical pO2 of the alveolus?
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What is the typical pO2 of arterial blood plasma?
What is the typical pO2 of arterial blood plasma?
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What is the typical pO2 of a mitochondrion?
What is the typical pO2 of a mitochondrion?
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What is the typical pO2 of venous blood plasma?
What is the typical pO2 of venous blood plasma?
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How do you calculate total oxygen content of the blood?
How do you calculate total oxygen content of the blood?
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Anaemic
Anaemic
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Ischaemic
Ischaemic
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Histiotoxic
Histiotoxic
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Beta 1 receptor
Beta 1 receptor
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Alpha 1 receptor
Alpha 1 receptor
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Affinity
Affinity
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Lactic Acid
Lactic Acid
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Study Notes
Oxygen Content in Different Areas
- Atmosphere: 21 kPa
- Trachea: 20 kPa
- Alveoli: 13 kPa
- Arterial blood plasma: 11-13 kPa
- Mitochondria: 1.5 kPa
- Venous blood plasma: 6 kPa
Hypoxia Types and Causes
- Hypoxic: Severe lung disease
- Anaemic: Haemorrhage
- Ischaemic: Arterial occlusion
- Histotoxic (rare): Cyanide poisoning
Adrenaline and Noradrenaline
- Adrenaline: Medium (variable) - High
- Noradrenaline: High - Low
Adrenergic Receptors and Oxygenation
- Stimulation of adrenergic receptors improves oxygenation in tissues by increasing cardiac output and blood pressure. This increases perfusion to tissues.
- Increase in CO (Cardiac Output) increases blood pressure
- Increase in SVR (Systemic Vascular Resistance) increases blood pressure, allowing increased perfusion (if local arterial beds dilate).
Factors Affecting Oxygen Unloading
- pH (lower pH promotes oxygen unloading)
- 2,3-DPG (present in red blood cells; increases oxygen unloading)
- Temperature (higher temperature promotes oxygen unloading)
- pCO2/pO2 (higher pCO2 promotes oxygen unloading)
Bohr Shift/Bohr Effect
- Change in blood oxygen saturation in response to changes in blood pH, pCO2, and temperature.
Clinical Measurement of Tissue Oxygenation
- Lactic acid (or lactate) is measured in the blood.
- High levels indicate insufficient oxygenation in tissues (anaerobic respiration).
Metabolic Process
- Anaerobic respiration (non-oxidative phosphorylation) is indicated by the presence of lactic acid
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Description
Test your knowledge on the causes, mechanisms, and clinical manifestations of circulatory shock. This quiz covers key concepts vital for understanding this critical condition. Ideal for students in health and medical courses.
