Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
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Questions and Answers

What component of vertebrate blood is responsible for transporting nutrients and waste products?

  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
  • Plasma (correct)

    • Which chamber of the heart is primarily responsible for pumping blood out of the heart?

  • Ventricle (correct)
  • Atrium
  • Septum
  • Aorta

    • What type of circulatory system do fish possess?

  • Double circulation
  • Single circulation (correct)
  • Open circulation
  • Closed circulation

    • What is double circulation also referred to as?

    <p>Figure of eight system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the excretion method used by terrestrial animals to manage ammonia?

    <p>Ureotelism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows exchange between capillaries and body tissues?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of heart did the ancestral vertebrate possess?

    <p>Two-chambered heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes capillaries?

    <p>Thin-walled vessels where exchange occurs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In larval lampreys, how is water drawn into the mouth for respiration?

    <p>Through the muscular velum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of gas exchange in hagfish?

    <p>Through extensive gill lamellae inside branchial pouches (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chondrichthyans, how does ventilation occur?

    <p>Alternating between negative and positive pressures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What respiratory adaptation do amphibians exhibit during their lifecycle?

    <p>They lose gills through metamorphosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature do bird lungs have compared to mammalian lungs?

    <p>They are ventilated through an aspiration pump with air sacs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about mammalian lungs is correct?

    <p>They have blind-ended structures known as alveoli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evolutionary significance of paired lungs in tetrapods?

    <p>They evolved from gas bladders of actinopterygians (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organism do you find unpaired ventral lungs used for respiration?

    <p>Polypterids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of respiration do lungfish predominantly utilize?

    <p>Primarily lung respiration over gill respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What respiratory adaptation characterizes reptiles?

    <p>Compression and expansion of the rib cage for air movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of waste excretion in birds and reptiles?

    <p>Uric acid excretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs after ultrafiltration in vertebrate urine production?

    <p>Reabsorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of respiratory exchange system is most efficient for gas exchange?

    <p>Countercurrent exchange (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the lungs of mammals from those of birds?

    <p>Mammalian lungs are bidirectional. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do freshwater fish maintain their internal salt concentration?

    <p>By actively controlling salt concentrations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In amphibians, which type of respiration is predominant after metamorphosis?

    <p>Lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary gas transport molecule in the blood of most vertebrates?

    <p>Hemoglobin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does air move in and out of mammalian lungs during respiration?

    <p>Driven by rib cage and diaphragm movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of countercurrent exchange in fish gills?

    <p>To enhance gas exchange efficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During tidal flow in adult lampreys, how does water move across their gills?

    <p>In and out of pharyngeal slits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of respiratory pigments are found in arthropods?

    <p>Hemocyanin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of flow do bony fishes use for ventilation?

    <p>Unidirectional flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to amphibians during metamorphosis regarding their respiratory organs?

    <p>Develop lungs and lose gills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the gas exchange process in vertebrates similar to that in other phyla?

    <p>It takes place between respiratory medium and blood flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is not typically found in the urine of mammals?

    <p>Uric acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fish gills?

    <p>To facilitate countercurrent gas exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of animals is characterized by having paired lungs?

    <p>Tetrapods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do freshwater fish typically regulate salt concentrations in their bodies?

    <p>They actively control salt concentrations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which excretory method do terrestrial animals primarily use to manage nitrogenous waste?

    <p>Excretion of urea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which respiratory pigment is commonly found across Bilateria?

    <p>Hemoglobin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in urine formation in vertebrates?

    <p>Diffusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do members of the Osteichthyes class primarily excrete nitrogenous waste?

    <p>As ammonia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the flow through the gills of fish?

    <p>Unidirectional flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure serves as the primary site for gas exchange in vertebrates?

    <p>Gills and lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'countercurrent exchange'?

    <p>Mediums flow in opposite directions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of circulatory system do amniotes possess?

    <p>Closed circulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following excretory processes eliminates urine in birds and reptiles?

    <p>Via ureters to cloaca (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which gases move across respiratory surfaces?

    <p>Concentration gradient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Closed Circulatory System

    Vertebrates' circulatory system where blood is contained within blood vessels (not open to body tissues).

    Blood Components

    Vertebrate blood has plasma (liquid) and formed elements (cells).

    Heart Chambers

    Vertebrate hearts have atria (receive blood) and ventricles (pump blood).

    Single Circulation

    Blood passes through the heart once per circuit.

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    Double Circulation

    Blood passes through the heart twice per circuit.

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    Excretion

    Elimination of waste from the body.

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    Nitrogenous Waste

    Waste products from metabolizing nitrogen-containing molecules.

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    Ammonotelism

    Excretion of ammonia as nitrogenous waste by aquatic animals.

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    Lungfish Respiration

    Lungfish primarily use lungs for breathing, unlike most fish who rely on gills. They possess internal, balloon-like lungs that are divided into small compartments (faveoli) where gas exchange occurs with capillaries.

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    Amphibian Respiration

    Amphibians have a complex respiratory system, using gills as larvae and lungs as adults. They also rely on cutaneous respiration, breathing through their moist skin.

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    Reptile Respiration

    Reptiles primarily breathe through lungs, using rib cage movement for ventilation. They have internal faveoli that increase surface area for gas exchange.

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    Bird Respiration

    Birds have a unique respiratory system with a flow-through lung system called parabronchi. They use an aspiration pump and air sacs for efficient breathing.

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    Mammalian Respiration

    Mammals rely on lungs for breathing, using a diaphragm and rib cage for ventilation. Their lungs are blind-ended, and they have small alveoli where gas exchange occurs.

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    Countercurrent Exchange

    A system where blood flows in the opposite direction to water, maximizing gas exchange efficiency. Seen in fish gills and some other respiratory systems.

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    Cross Current Exchange

    A system where blood flows obliquely to airflow, allowing for efficient gas exchange. Seen in bird lungs.

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    Tidal Flow

    Air moves in and out of the lungs in a cyclical pattern. Seen in mammals, reptiles, and amphibians.

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    Unpaired Lung

    Found in some fish, including lungfish and polypterids, these lungs are a single, ventral structure connected to the esophagus.

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    Gas Bladder

    A gas-filled sac found in most ray-finned fish. While not primarily for breathing, some fish use them for respiration.

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    Countercurrent gas exchange

    A process where blood and water flow in opposite directions, maximizing gas exchange efficiency in gills.

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    Paired lungs in tetrapods

    An adaptation found only in four-limbed animals (tetrapods).

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    Unpaired lungs in lungfish

    Lungfish have lungs in a dorsal position, opening from the oesophagus.

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    Coelacanths' fatty organs

    Coelacanths have organs homologous to lungs in other lobe-finned fishes.

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    Ancestral ventral lung in Sarcopterygii

    A single ventral lung is believed to be the common ancestor for lobe-finned fishes.

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    Actinopterigan gas bladders

    Ray-finned fishes have gas-filled sacs used for buoyancy, sometimes respiration.

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    Polypterids' spiracles

    Polypterids (a type of fish) breathe preferentially through spiracles behind their heads.

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    Ureotelism

    Converting ammonia into less toxic urea for excretion.

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    Uricotelism

    Conversion of ammonia into uric acid for excretion.

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    Nephridia

    Ultrafiltration-based excretory system in bilaterians.

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    Vertebrate Urine Excretion

    A four-step process: ultrafiltration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion.

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    Ultrafiltration (kidney)

    Protein and cell-free fluid is filtered through a membrane.

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    Reabsorption (kidney)

    Selective reabsorption of water, glucose, and amino acids.

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    Secretion (kidney)

    Waste products selected and added to the filtrate.

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    Respiratory Pigment

    Metal-protein complex increasing oxygen-carrying capacity of fluids.

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    Hemoglobin

    Iron-based respiratory pigment, widely found in Bilateria.

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    Mammalian Kidney

    Paired kidneys filtering urine to the bladder, then urethra.

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    Bird Lungs

    Flow-through system with parabronchi, air moves one way.

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    Gas Exchange

    Passive diffusion of gases across a boundary.

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    Mammalian Lungs

    Blind-ended sacs, air moves tidally, uniform gas pool.

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    Lung Respiration

    Air flows bidirectionally in lungs.

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    Study Notes

    Circulatory System

    • Vertebrates possess a closed circulatory system, comprising blood, a heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.
    • Blood consists of plasma (fluid) and formed elements (cells).
    • Vertebrate hearts are multi-chambered, with atria receiving blood and ventricles pumping it out.
    • Arteries carry oxygenated blood; veins return deoxygenated blood.
    • Capillaries connect arteries and veins, facilitating exchange with tissues.
    • Endothelium lines blood vessels, creating a barrier for efficient blood-tissue transfer.
    • Exchange happens due to pressure differentials between blood and interstitial fluid.
    • Circulation patterns: Single (once through the heart, e.g., fish) and double (twice through, e.g., amniotes).
    • Double circulation is also known as a "figure of eight" system.
    • Heart evolution: Two-chambered ancestral heart; three chambers in tetrapods; four chambers in archosaurs and mammals.

    Respiratory System

    • Respiration (gas exchange) involves gas movement across organism boundaries (O2 uptake, CO2 release).
    • Gas exchange is largely passive diffusion across membranes (high concentration to low).
    • Larger animals require enhanced gas exchange structures (e.g., gills, lungs).
    • Concurrent exchange (same direction) is less efficient than countercurrent exchange (opposite direction).
    • Cross-current exchange (oblique) is a variant, also more efficient.
    • Respiratory pigments (e.g., hemoglobin, hemocyanin, hemerythrin) enhance oxygen transport in the blood.
    • Gills, lungs, and/or skin are common respiratory surfaces (varying by vertebrate type).
    • Gill respiration: Continuous unidirectional water flow (e.g., larval lampreys, fish).
    • Lung respiration: Intermittent bidirectional air flow (e.g., most terrestrial vertebrates).
    • Different mechanisms exist for ventilating respiratory organs (e.g., buccal pumps, rib cage movements, aspirations).
    • Various strategies for gas exchange exist across different vertebrates (e.g., gills in fish, lungs in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals).
    • Lungfish have lungs; amphibians use gills and lungs; reptiles and birds have lungs; mammals have lungs.
    • Airflow in birds is a flow-through system (parabronchi) with cross-current exchange.
    • Mammals have blind-ended lungs with tidal air movement.

    Excretory System

    • Excretion manages and removes excess substances (water, salts, metabolic waste).
    • Nitrogenous wastes are metabolic byproducts (e.g., ammonia).
    • Ammonia is toxic; other species convert it to less toxic forms (urea or uric acid).
    • Nephridia are an ultrafiltration based excretory system in Bilateria.
    • Vertebrate kidneys are ultrafiltration-based excretory organs (derived from nephridia).
    • Urine production involves four steps: ultrafiltration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion.
    • Freshwater fish are osmoregulators; saltwater fish are osmoconformers.
    • Birds and reptiles excrete uric acid (usually a white solid) via a cloaca.
    • Mammals excrete urine through the urethra, after passing through ureters and the bladder

    Summary of Evolution

    • Vertebrate circulatory, respiratory and excretory systems have evolved from simpler forms.
    • Different adaptations exist in various species to match their specific needs and their environment.

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    Description

    Explore the intricate details of the circulatory and respiratory systems in vertebrates. This quiz covers heart structure, blood composition, and gas exchange mechanisms essential for life. Understand how these systems evolve and function in various vertebrate species.

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