20 Questions
Name three physiological properties of the heart.
Cardiac contractility, control of cardiac output, and features of cardiac muscle.
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
Bulk flow of materials (gases, nutrients, hormones, waste), temperature regulation, homeostasis, host defense, and reproduction.
What are the three main components involved in the regulation and integration of the cardiovascular system?
Heart, autonomic nerves, and blood vessels.
What does the CNS integrate with the overall activity of the cardiovascular system?
Activity and functions of the respiratory and renal systems.
What does the circulation of blood involve?
Physiological properties of the heart, vasculature, microcirculation, control of blood pressure, control of blood volume, and exercise and blood flow through special regions.
What is the ultimate function of the cardiovascular system?
To ensure adequate blood flow through the capillaries of various organs.
What is the normal path of blood flow in the body?
Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.
What are the features of the microcirculation?
Arterioles, precapillary sphincters, capillaries, venules.
What are the valves of the heart and their locations?
Atrioventricular (cuspid) valves: Tricuspid valve between right atrium and right ventricle, Bicuspid (mitral) valve between left atrium and left ventricle. Semiluminar valves: Aortic valve between left ventricle and aorta, Pulmonary valve between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.
What are the features of cardiac muscle?
Striated, connected via intercalated discs, electrical connection through gap junctions, desmosomes for strong adhesion, functional syncytium.
What is the role of L-type dihydropyridine channels in cardiac muscle contraction?
L-type dihydropyridine channels open in response to an action potential and allow calcium ions to enter the cardiac muscle cells, triggering contraction.
How does the diameter of cardiac T-tubules compare to skeletal muscle T-tubules?
Cardiac T-tubules are 5 times greater in diameter than skeletal muscle T-tubules.
What is the function of mucopolysaccharides in cardiac T-tubules?
Mucopolysaccharides in cardiac T-tubules sequester calcium ions, regulating their release and preventing excessive contraction.
What is the role of dihydropyridine (DHP) activation in cardiac muscle contraction?
DHP activation causes the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via ryanodine release channels, which further enhances muscle contraction.
How does the extrinsic sympathetic nervous system affect cardiac muscle contractility?
The extrinsic sympathetic nervous system increases cardiac muscle contractility by releasing norepinephrine, which stimulates beta-adrenergic receptors on the cardiac muscle cells.
What is the relationship between the electrical activity of the heart and the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle?
The electrical activity of the heart, as measured by the electrocardiogram, precedes and coordinates the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle, including atrial and ventricular contraction and relaxation.
How do cardiac volume/pressure diagrams differ between the left and right sides of the heart?
On the left side of the heart, the volume/pressure diagram shows higher pressures and smaller volumes compared to the right side.
What is the refractory period in the context of cardiac muscle contraction?
The refractory period is a period of time after a cardiac muscle cell has depolarized and contracted, during which it is unresponsive to further stimulation.
What are the main events of the cardiac cycle?
The main events of the cardiac cycle include atrial and ventricular contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole), as well as the opening and closing of the heart valves.
What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulating cardiac output?
The sympathetic nervous system increases cardiac output by increasing heart rate and contractility, as well as constricting peripheral blood vessels to redirect blood flow to vital organs.
Test your knowledge on the circulation of blood and cardiovascular physiology with this quiz. Topics include the physiological properties of the heart, control of cardiac output, vasculature, microcirculation, and more. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand the intricacies of blood circulation.
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