Circulation and Gas Exchange
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Questions and Answers

What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

  • It contracts and moves down. (correct)
  • It remains stationary.
  • It relaxes and moves up.
  • It contracts and moves up.

    • Which structure carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart?

  • Pulmonary artery
  • Pulmonary vein
  • Superior vena cava (correct)
  • Aorta

    • Which of the following adaptations might allow diving mammals like Cuvier's beaked whale to remain submerged for extended periods?

  • High metabolic rate
  • Higher oxygen consumption
  • A slower heart rate (correct)
  • Increased lung capacity (correct)

    • What occurs to the diaphragm during exhalation?

    <p>It relaxes and moves up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pulmonary arteries?

    <p>To carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the heart structure of most amphibians compared to mammals?

    <p>Amphibians have a three-chambered heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pulmonary circuit in a tetrapod?

    <p>To supply oxygen-rich blood to body cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes double circulation in tetrapods?

    <p>There is a complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes the pulmonary vs. systemic circuits in amphibians?

    <p>The systemic circuit circulates oxygen-rich blood to the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of a three-chambered heart?

    <p>A complete septum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evolutionary significance is shown in the heart structure of birds and mammals?

    <p>Both have converged to a four-chambered heart structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the two-ventricle design advantageous for mammals?

    <p>It enables high blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of amphibians' circulatory system contributes to inefficiency in re-oxygenation?

    <p>The partial septum in the ventricle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a circulatory system?

    <p>To transport nutrients and waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of a closed circulatory system?

    <p>Direct bathing of organs with hemolymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the benefits of double circulation compared to single circulation?

    <p>Enhanced oxygen delivery and improved nutrient transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of circulatory system does the circulatory fluid directly bathe the organs?

    <p>Open circulatory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are capillaries primarily responsible for?

    <p>Connecting arteries to veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of diastole in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>It allows the heart chambers to fill with blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for carrying oxygen-poor blood toward the heart?

    <p>Veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In non-tetrapod vertebrates, what type of heart do they possess?

    <p>Two-chambered heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During countercurrent gas exchange in fish, what is the primary advantage?

    <p>Maximized oxygen uptake from the water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant disadvantage of single circulation in fish?

    <p>Lower blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the function of the circulatory system is false?

    <p>It is primarily responsible for muscle contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the heart play in a closed circulatory system?

    <p>To act as a muscular pump that moves blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature sets veins apart from arteries?

    <p>Valves that prevent backflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does diffusion facilitate the exchange of nutrients and waste in multicellular organisms?

    <p>Through direct contact between cell membranes and the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the circulatory and respiratory systems working together?

    <p>To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle does blood leave the heart?

    <p>Systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does blood pressure in the arteries fluctuate during the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Increases during systole and decreases during diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the countercurrent exchange system in fish gills?

    <p>It ensures blood is always less saturated with oxygen than the water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of breathing do mammals utilize to ventilate their lungs?

    <p>Negative pressure breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system directly delivers oxygen to body cells in insects?

    <p>The tracheal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of alveoli in mammalian lungs?

    <p>They facilitate gas exchange between air and blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one disadvantage of obtaining oxygen from water compared to air?

    <p>Oxygen extraction from water is less efficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do amphibians ventilate their lungs?

    <p>Using a buccal pump for positive pressure breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option describes the movement of air in bird lungs?

    <p>Unidirectional airflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood is delivered from the lungs to the heart via the pulmonary veins?

    <p>Oxygen-rich blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of organism is a buccal pump used for ventilation?

    <p>Amphibians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rhythmic bulging of artery walls associated with each heartbeat called?

    <p>Pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism best describes how fish extract oxygen from water?

    <p>Countercurrent exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Circulation and Gas Exchange

    • A circulatory system connects the fluid surrounding cells with organs exchanging gases, absorbing nutrients, and disposing of wastes.
    • Circulatory systems are composed of interconnecting vessels, a muscular pump (the heart), and a circulatory fluid (e.g., hemolymph or blood).
    • Open circulatory systems have a circulatory fluid (hemolymph) that bathes the organs directly.
    • Closed circulatory systems have a circulatory fluid (blood) confined to vessels, apart from interstitial fluid.
    • Closed circulatory systems are more efficient because of higher blood pressure, enabling effective delivery of oxygen and nutrients in larger, more active animals.
    • Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system called the cardiovascular system, where blood travels through one-way vessels.
    • Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood to the heart, and capillaries connect arteries to veins.
    • Non-tetrapod vertebrates (e.g., fish) have a two-chambered heart with single circulation. Blood leaves the heart and passes through two capillary beds before returning.
    • Single circulation's disadvantage is lower blood pressure, which is less efficient.
    • Tetrapods (e.g., amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) have a three or four-chambered heart with double circulation.
    • Double circulation involves two circuits: -Pulmonary/pulmocutaneous circuit picks up O2 from heart/skin; has lower blood pressure -Systemic circuit delivers O2 to body cells; has high blood pressure
    • Amphibians, reptiles have 3-chambered hearts with two atria and one ventricle, with a ridge or partial septum.
    • Birds and mammals have 4-chambered hearts with completely divided ventricles (convergent evolution).
    • The heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle called the cardiac cycle.
    • The contraction phase is called systole, where blood is sent from the heart.
    • The relaxation phase is called diastole, where blood is pumped into chambers.
    • Blood pressure is the strain on artery walls, measured as systolic (during ventricular systole)/diastolic (during diastole) pressure and a pulse is the rhythmic bulging of artery walls with each heartbeat.
    • Circulatory and respiratory systems work together to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

    Exchange with Environment

    • Nutrients, gases, and wastes must pass through cell membranes through diffusion.
    • Multicellular, simple body plans (e.g., gastrovascular cavity) participate in both digestion and material exchange.
    • Complex animals have a respiratory and circulatory system to aid in diffusion to cells.

    Gas Exchange

    • Gas exchange supplies oxygen (O2) for cellular respiration and disposes of carbon dioxide (CO2) waste.
    • Animals can use air or water as the oxygen source (respiratory medium). Ventilation moves the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface.
    • In a given volume, there is less oxygen available in water than in air. Obtaining oxygen from water requires greater efficiency than air breathing.
    • Animals require large, moist respiratory surfaces for gas exchange.
    • Gills are a specialized gas exchange system in aquatic animals; oxygen diffuses from water into blood vessels, and carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into water.
    • Fish gills use countercurrent exchange, where blood flows in the opposite direction of water flow over the gills, efficiently extracting oxygen. More than 80% of the dissolved oxygen in water is removed as water passes over the respiratory surface in fish gills.
    • The tracheal system of insects consists of a network of branching tubes that supply oxygen directly to body cells, separate from the circulatory system.
    • Lungs are an infolding of the body surface that improves surface area for gas exchange. The circulatory system transports gases from lungs to the rest of the body. Gas exchange takes place in specialized air sacs called alveoli.
    • Amphibians ventilate lungs through positive pressure breathing using a buccal pump.
    • Birds have unidirectional airflow through lungs (increases efficiency) with multiple sacs that keep air flowing through lungs, requiring two cycles of inhalation and exhalation.
    • Mammals ventilate their lungs by negative pressure breathing, where air is pulled into lungs as lung volume increases due to rib muscle and diaphragm contractions.

    Respiratory Adaptations of Diving Mammals and Birds

    • Diving mammals (e.g., Cuvier's beaked whale) store a lot of oxygen (high blood volume, high myoglobin), conserve oxygen (dive passively, lower metabolic needs, decrease heart rate, blood shunted to vital areas, exhale before diving), and have lungs that can collapse in high-pressure environments.
    • Diving birds (e.g., Emperor penguin) have adaptations for respiration during dives, but specific details are not available in this summary.

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    BIOL 204 Lecture 34-Circulation & Gas Exchange PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential concepts of circulatory systems and gas exchange in different organisms. Learn about open and closed circulatory systems, their structures, and their roles in more efficient nutrient and oxygen delivery. Test your understanding of the cardiovascular system in vertebrates and the functioning of blood vessels.

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