Circadian Rhythms and Tissue Transplants

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What is the likely reason for the increase in sympathetic nervous system activation and inflammation?

Sleep deprivation (correct)

Excess production of serotonin

Decrease in cortisol

High melatonin levels

Which proteins are involved in the cellular basis of circadian rhythms?

Amylase, pepsin, and lipase

Insulin, glucagon, and leptin

Hemoglobin, myoglobin, and collagen

Per, tim, and Clock (correct)

Which gland produces and releases more melatonin as a response to decreased SCN activity?

Parathyroid gland

Thyroid gland

Pineal gland (correct)

Pituitary gland

What helps initiate sleep through the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

Elevated melatonin levels (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells provide light information to the SCN?

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure can generate and maintain circadian rhythms independently of input from other structures?

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the SCN in regulating circadian rhythms?

Producing specific proteins that interact to create a self-sustaining feedback loop (B) Signup and view all the answers

In Yamazaki et al.’s rat study, how did the adjustment time of liver tissues compare to that of the lung and muscle tissues following a phase shift?

Liver tissues required more cycles than lung and muscle tissues (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which proteins inhibit the production of Clock, a key protein involved in circadian rhythms?

Per and tim proteins (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of CLOCK protein in the cellular basis of circadian rhythms?

Disinhibiting the production of per and tim proteins (B) Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism does the SCN use to regulate the release of melatonin from the pineal gland?

Sympathetic nervous system (D) Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the adjustment speed of peripheral clocks from that of the SCN when faced with phase shifts?

SCN requires more cycles to adjust than peripheral clocks (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Cholinergic mesopontine nuclei?

Modulating the amount of sensory input the cortex receives (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is predominantly associated with Locus coeruleus?

Norepinephrine (C) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does continued activation by input from the raphe nuclei have on circuits promoting waking?

It inhibits them (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the thalamus when there are no inputs promoting waking?

Neurons synchronize activity in the cortex (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a direct effect of electrical stimulation of 'NREM-on cells' in the POA?

Immediate NREM sleep (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do lesions of 'NREM-on cells' in the POA affect sleep?

Result in insomnia (B) Signup and view all the answers