Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

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What is the primary aim of treatment for COPD?

Enhance cognitive function

Improve cardiovascular health

Prevent asthma exacerbations

Reduce respiratory symptoms (correct)

Which of the following is NOT listed as a risk factor for COPD in the text?

Genetic factors

Tobacco smoking

Environmental pollution

Allergic reactions (correct)

What is the overlap syndrome characterized by persistent airflow limitation displaying features of both asthma and COPD called?

Cor pulmonale

Asthma-Emphysema overlap syndrome

Asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS) (correct)

Chronic obstructive bronchiolitis

What complications are associated with COPD according to the text?

Secondary polycythaemia Signup and view all the answers

Which non-pharmacological intervention is recommended for the management of stable COPD in the text?

Physical training Signup and view all the answers

When should interventional procedures like surgery be considered for COPD patients?

After a respiratory review and multidisciplinary team input Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial treatment recommended for patients with COPD to relieve breathlessness and exercise limitation?

Short-acting bronchodilator Signup and view all the answers

What should be confirmed before considering step-up treatment for COPD patients?

COPD spirometry confirmed Signup and view all the answers

In which COPD patients is a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) used?

Patients without asthmatic features Signup and view all the answers

When should inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) be considered for COPD patients?

If at least two moderate exacerbations or severe exacerbations requiring hospitalization occur Signup and view all the answers

What prophylactic treatment is adopted to reduce exacerbations in non-smokers with COPD?

Azithromycin Signup and view all the answers

What treatment should be reviewed and at least every 6 months for COPD patients during the COVID-19 pandemic?

Prophylaxis Signup and view all the answers

Which non-pharmacotherapeutic intervention is recommended for sputum clearance in COPD patients?

Physiotherapy using positive expiratory pressure devices Signup and view all the answers

When is long-term oral corticosteroid treatment usually recommended for COPD patients?

For patients requiring frequent courses of oral corticosteroids Signup and view all the answers

When should doxapram be given for COPD patients?

Only when nebulized bronchodilators are inadequate Signup and view all the answers

Which service may community pharmacists provide to patients with COPD?

New Medicines Service/Medications Use Review service Signup and view all the answers

What is the lower target for oxygen saturation in patients at risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure?

88-92% Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is high concentration oxygen therapy safe according to the text?

Acute severe asthma Signup and view all the answers

Which patient group is low concentration oxygen therapy reserved for?

Patients at risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure Signup and view all the answers

When should initial oxygen be given to the patient?

Controlled concentration of 24% or 28% Signup and view all the answers

What condition is ambulatory oxygen therapy recommended for?

Patients on long-term oxygen therapy who need to be away from home regularly Signup and view all the answers

What equipment is provided by the NHS for oxygen therapy?

Oxygen concentrators Signup and view all the answers

How are prescriptions for oxygen cylinders and accessories dispensed?

By pharmacists contracted to provide domiciliary oxygen services Signup and view all the answers

What type of oxygen service is recommended for patients who need to be away from home regularly?

Ambulatory oxygen therapy Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if a patient on exercise shows evidence of exercise-induced oxygen desaturation?

Consider ambulatory oxygen therapy Signup and view all the answers

In which country is a Home Oxygen Order Form (HOOF) used as part of the process of providing home oxygen services?

England Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of action for inhaled salbutamol?

3 to 5 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which age group should take 5 micrograms/kg of salbutamol for one dose?

Children aged 1 month–4 years Signup and view all the answers

Which product is used for acute bronchospasm and prophylaxis of allergen-induced bronchospasm?

EasyHaler® Salbutamol Signup and view all the answers

For which condition are injections and solutions for intravenous infusion of salbutamol not licensed for use in children?

Premature labor Signup and view all the answers

What should patients do if a previously effective dose of salbutamol does not provide at least 3 hours of relief?

Seek medical advice Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended adult dosage for terbutaline sulfate tablets for persistent symptoms?

$500$ micrograms up to four times a day Signup and view all the answers

At what rate should adults take terbutaline for continuous intravenous injections?

$90-300$ micrograms/hour for 8-10 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum duration of action for terbutaline at recommended inhaled doses?

$3-5$ hours Signup and view all the answers

When should children aged 15-17 years stop taking terbutaline?

$5$ mg three times a day until contractions cease Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended frequency for adults to take salbutamol (Albuterol) for reversible airway obstruction?

4 mg 3-4 times a day Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is specifically advised against in pregnancy, breastfeeding, and hepatic impairment according to the MHRA/CHM?

Olodaterol Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of action of formoterol fumarate at recommended inhaled doses?

12 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which inhalation powder is not licensed for use in children under 12 years of age?

Neovent Signup and view all the answers

For which type of patients should salmeterol not be initiated?

Patients with rapidly deteriorating asthma Signup and view all the answers

What is the adult dosage range for indacaterol used for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease maintenance treatment?

150 to 300 micrograms daily Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications contains alcohol?

Formoterol fumarate inhaler Signup and view all the answers

What is the dose of olodaterol solution inhaled once daily for adults for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease maintenance treatment?

5 micrograms Signup and view all the answers

'The manufacturer advises using indacaterol inhalation powder only if the potential benefit outweighs the risk.' This statement indicates that:

'The decision to use indacaterol inhalation powder should be based on a risk-benefit assessment.' Signup and view all the answers

'Intravenous injections are recommended for adults, with a maximum dose of 5 micrograms/minute.' This statement refers to which medication?

'Salbutamol (Albuterol)' Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended maintenance treatment for adult COPD patients who are not adequately treated by a combination of an inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting beta2-agonist?

Beclometasone with formoterol and glycopyrronium Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dosage of Budesonide for adults with mild to moderate asthma?

200-400 micrograms twice daily, adjusted as necessary Signup and view all the answers

Why is Budesonide nebulizer suspension not suitable for use according to the text?

Dosage adjustments may be required Signup and view all the answers

Which inhalation powder is available in the form of Trimbow NEXThaler?

Formoterol fumarate dihydrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dosage of Budesonide for children aged 12-17 years with asthma?

100-400 micrograms once daily (maximum per dose 800 micrograms) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Budesonide according to the text?

Prophylaxis of mild to moderate asthma Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT a contraindication for the use of terbutaline in premature labor?

Mild pre-eclampsia Signup and view all the answers

What is an adverse effect NOT associated with systemic corticosteroids?

Pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

Which tool is NOT mentioned for supporting healthcare staff in recognizing patients at risk of adrenal crisis?

Kelhale® inhaler Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dosage range for terbutaline in adults when diluted with glucose 5% or sodium chloride 0.9%?

1.5-2.5 mg over 8-10 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which inhaler is specifically recommended for use by children aged 5-11 years and adults aged 12-17 years?

Kelhale® Signup and view all the answers

Which condition warrants the issue of Steroid Emergency Cards for patients with adrenal insufficiency and steroid dependence?

Missed doses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary monitoring requirement for patients receiving terbutaline therapy intravenously?

Blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Which corticosteroid inhaler is twice as potent as Clenil Modulite® but not licensed for use in children?

$QVAR®$ Signup and view all the answers

"Beclometasone dipropionate CFC-free inhalers should be prescribed by brand name" according to the MHRA/CHM advice. What reason is provided for this recommendation?

"To monitor side effects" Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is specifically recommended for the maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with a dosage of 60 micrograms per dose?

Aclidinium bromide Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect specifically associated with Umeclidinium bromide?

Numbness Signup and view all the answers

Which medication, when combined with formoterol fumarate, is available in inhalation powders like Seebri Breezhaler and Ultibro Breezhaler?

Glycopyrronium bromide Signup and view all the answers

What is a side effect that patients taking glycopyrronium bromide for COPD may experience?

Hyperglycaemia Signup and view all the answers

Which long-acting beta2-agonist is used for treating asthma and other conditions associated with reversible airway obstruction?

Bambuterol hydrochloride Signup and view all the answers

For patients with renal impairment, what dose adjustment is recommended for Bambuterol hydrochloride if the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is less than 50 mL/minute/1.73 m2?

Reduce the initial dose by half Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dosing frequency for adults using Fostair Nexthaler® as asthma maintenance therapy?

1 inhalation twice daily Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended maximum number of inhalations per day for adults using Fostair Nexthaler®?

8 inhalations Signup and view all the answers

For which condition should the dose of beclometasone dipropionate and formoterol fumarate be considered during a switch to Fostair NEXThaler®?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Signup and view all the answers

Which retinal disorder can be linked to the systemic use of corticosteroids, including their local administration via inhalers?

Central serous chorioretinopathy Signup and view all the answers

What type of visual disturbances should patients on corticosteroid treatment report to healthcare providers?

Blurred vision Signup and view all the answers

Which organization developed the Steroid Emergency Card for patients with adrenal insufficiency and steroid dependence?

British Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (BSPED) Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is NOT associated with systemic corticosteroids according to the text?

Insomnia Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range recommended for the use of Kelhale® inhaler?

5-11 years and 12-17 years Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes pressurised metered-dose inhalers with extra-fine particles from traditional CFC-containing and CFC-free inhalers?

They are more potent in delivering medications. Signup and view all the answers

What age group is recommended to use Luforbec® 100/6 as asthma maintenance therapy?

18+ years only Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of general anesthesia is often mistaken for unconsciousness?

Amnesia Signup and view all the answers

Which drug, when used in high doses, can result in sedation and amnesia during general anesthesia?

Opioids Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for safe medical practice and a vital part of undergraduate medical education?

Pharmacology Signup and view all the answers

Which drugs are used to initiate, maintain anesthesia, and reduce the stress response to surgical trauma?

Intravenous drugs Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential for patients to comprehend the process and drugs used in general anesthesia?

To enhance understanding of the anesthesiologist's role Signup and view all the answers

In pharmacotherapeutics for general anesthesia, why should drugs only be administered when their benefits outweigh the risks?

To avoid unpredictable adverse reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of general anesthesia in surgical procedures?

To reduce the patient's physiological responses Signup and view all the answers

Why is unconsciousness crucial in reducing trauma to patients during surgeries?

To improve patient tolerance Signup and view all the answers

How does general anesthesia affect the central nervous system activity?

It depresses central nervous system activity Signup and view all the answers

What allows anesthesiologists to choose the best maintenance drugs for patients during general anesthesia?

The availability of maintenance drugs Signup and view all the answers

In what way does general anesthesia decrease surgical risk?

By changing the patient's consciousness Signup and view all the answers