Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability

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Questions and Answers

In the context of chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI), which of the following biomechanical etiologies is MOST likely to lead to recalcitrant instability despite appropriate initial management?

  • Flexible pes planovalgus deformity with compensatory subtalar joint eversion.
  • Fixed calcaneal varus exceeding 10 degrees, coupled with tibial varum. (correct)
  • Mild, passively correctable forefoot varus with adequate first ray plantarflexion.
  • Phasic overactivity of the peroneus brevis tendon during gait propulsion phase.

A 28-year-old professional ballet dancer presents with chronic lateral ankle instability. What is the MOST critical aspect to assess during the physical examination to determine the optimal surgical approach?

  • The integrity of the peroneal tendons and the presence of peroneal tenosynovitis.
  • The degree of talar tilt and anterior drawer assessed under fluoroscopy.
  • The presence of generalized ligamentous laxity using the Beighton score. (correct)
  • The patient's subjective perception of instability during a single-leg hop test.

A patient with chronic lateral ankle instability reports persistent symptoms despite undergoing a Broström-Gould procedure six months prior. During revisional surgery, which of the following findings would be MOST indicative of a failed initial repair?

  • Attenuation and laxity of the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) with intact ATFL.
  • Scar tissue formation around the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) insertion site.
  • Atrophic changes in peroneal musculature with no evident ligamentous disruption.
  • Complete disruption of the ATFL-CFL complex with evidence of capsular redundancy. (correct)

In managing chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) with concomitant subtalar joint (STJ) instability, which surgical strategy demonstrates the MOST biomechanical rationale for long-term stability and functional outcomes?

<p>Anatomic ATFL/CFL reconstruction combined with subtalar arthrodesis. (A)</p>
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When comparing tenodesis procedures (e.g., Watson-Jones) to anatomic repairs (e.g., Broström-Gould) for chronic lateral ankle instability, which statement BEST reflects the biomechanical consequences of tenodesis procedures?

<p>Tenodesis procedures may alter ankle biomechanics, potentially leading to subtalar joint impingement or altered stress distribution. (C)</p>
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the rationale for utilizing an autograft or allograft augmentation in a Broström procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability?

<p>Graft augmentation enhances tensile strength and provides scaffold for tissue ingrowth, particularly in cases of poor tissue quality or revision surgery. (B)</p>
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A 35-year-old patient with chronic lateral ankle instability and a history of multiple ankle sprains exhibits a subtle cavus foot type. Preoperatively, which imaging modality would provide the MOST valuable information for surgical planning?

<p>Computed tomography (CT) scan to determine calcaneal inclination angle and hindfoot alignment. (C)</p>
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Compared to the anatomical Broström-Gould procedure, what is the MOST significant long-term disadvantage of the non-anatomical Chrisman-Snook procedure in the treatment of chronic ankle instability?

<p>Higher incidence of subtalar joint arthritis and lateral ankle impingement. (A)</p>
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What is the PRIMARY biomechanical advantage of incorporating the inferior extensor retinaculum (IER) during a modified Broström-Gould procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability?

<p>The IER provides an additional layer of structural support, reducing the risk of recurrent sprains. (A)</p>
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Which of the following best encapsulates the role of peroneal tendon pathology in the development and perpetuation of chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI)?

<p>Peroneal tendon dysfunction can alter ankle biomechanics and lead to or exacerbate CLAI. (C)</p>
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A 40-year-old patient presents with persistent ankle pain and instability following a lateral ankle sprain six months ago. Radiographic evaluation, including stress views, are normal. However, the patient reports a consistent sensation of "giving way" during weight-bearing activities. Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?

<p>Functional instability. (A)</p>
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What is the significance of assessing proprioception in patients with chronic ankle instability, and how does it influence treatment strategies?

<p>Proprioception asessment guides non-operative treatment strategies such as balance and coordination exercises. (C)</p>
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A patient presents with limitations in ankle dorsiflexion ROM due to what the physical therapist suspects to be anterior impingement. Where would the therapist MOST likely palpate for tenderness?

<p>Anterolateral joint line of the tibiotalar joint. (D)</p>
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Which of the following is the MOST ACCURATE statement regarding the role of bracing in the conservative management of chronic lateral ankle instability?

<p>Semirigid braces with stirrup designs are effective in providing mechanical support and improving proprioception, thus preventing further injury. (B)</p>
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What key difference distinguishes functional ankle instability from mechanical ankle instability, shaping their respective management approaches?

<p>Functional instability presents with an absence of clinical or radiographic signs of ligamentous laxity. (C)</p>
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In which scenario would a surgeon MOST likely consider a lateralizing calcaneal osteotomy as an adjunct procedure during reconstruction for chronic lateral ankle instability?

<p>A patient with fixed calcaneal varus and associated lateral ankle pain despite previous ligament reconstruction. (B)</p>
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What are the PRIMARY goals of plyometric exercises in the rehabilitation protocol for chronic lateral ankle instability?

<p>Increase joint stability and reduce risk of re-injury. (A)</p>
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What are the contraindications to a Brostrom Procedure?

<p>Increased BMI, generalized laxity (D)</p>
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What criteria is used to diagnose STJ Instability?

<p>Medial displacement of more than 5mm of the talus to the calcaneus (E)</p>
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What percentage of patients will still have some feeling of instability at 1 year after an ankle sprain?

<p>42% (B)</p>
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In the context of a Broström-Gould procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability, which of the following statements BEST articulates the theoretical biomechanical advantage conferred by incorporating the inferior extensor retinaculum (IER)?

<p>The IER serves as a dynamic sling, augmenting the reconstructed ATFL and CFL by resisting excessive inversion during weight-bearing. (D)</p>
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What is the MOST critical limitation of relying solely on radiographic stress views to evaluate suspected chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI)?

<p>Stress radiographs lack the sensitivity to detect subtle multi-planar instability patterns or concomitant intra-articular pathologies often associated with CLAI. (A)</p>
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In a revision Broström procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI), what finding during surgical exploration would MOST strongly suggest the presence of underlying undiagnosed syndesmotic instability?

<p>Increased diastasis between the distal tibia and fibula upon external rotation stress. (B)</p>
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A 25-year-old patient with a history of chronic lateral ankle instability presents with persistent pain and subjective instability despite a well-executed Broström-Gould procedure one year prior. Advanced imaging reveals no evidence of ligamentous re-laxity. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate next step in management?

<p>Initiate a supervised balance and proprioceptive rehabilitation program, focusing on dynamic stability exercises. (C)</p>
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Which of the following represents the MOST significant biomechanical concern when performing a non-anatomic tenodesis procedure, such as the Chrisman-Snook, for chronic lateral ankle instability?

<p>Unintended alteration of normal ankle kinematics, potentially leading to premature joint degeneration. (D)</p>
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A high-level athlete is diagnosed with functional ankle instability. What intervention should be prioritized FIRST to address the underlying sensorimotor deficits?

<p>Intensive proprioceptive training exercises focusing on balance, coordination, and neuromuscular control. (D)</p>
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In the management of chronic lateral ankle instability associated with a cavus foot deformity, which surgical intervention is MOST likely to address both the instability and the underlying biomechanical cause?

<p>Lateralizing calcaneal osteotomy combined with a Broström-Gould procedure. (B)</p>
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What is the MOST appropriate rehabilitation strategy immediately following a modified Broström-Gould procedure augmented with an internal brace for chronic lateral ankle instability?

<p>Protected weight-bearing in a cast or brace with early range-of-motion exercises. (A)</p>
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Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the long-term impact of untreated chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) on the tibiotalar joint?

<p>Repetitive microtrauma and abnormal joint kinematics associated with CLAI can accelerate the development of localized osteoarthritis. (A)</p>
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A 30-year-old patient with documented chronic lateral ankle instability has failed conservative treatment. Examination reveals a talar tilt of 12 degrees on stress radiographs, but no other significant findings. Which of the following surgical interventions would be MOST appropriate?

<p>Broström-Gould procedure with internal brace augmentation. (A)</p>
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What is the PRIMARY indication for performing a calcaneal osteotomy in conjunction with a lateral ankle ligament reconstruction for chronic instability?

<p>To address hindfoot malalignment contributing to lateral ankle instability. (B)</p>
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A patient presenting with chronic ankle instability also exhibits signs of generalized ligamentous laxity. What is the MOST appropriate surgical approach?

<p>Brostrom procedure augmented with a tendon allograft, providing increased strength. (B)</p>
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What is the MOST important factor in determining the success of non-operative management of acute ankle sprains designed to prevent chronic lateral ankle instability?

<p>Patient compliance with a structured rehabilitation program. (A)</p>
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Which diagnostic modality provides the MOST comprehensive assessment of concomitant intra-articular pathologies associated with chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI)?

<p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (B)</p>
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What long-term complication is MOST likely to arise from routine harvesting of the peroneus brevis tendon for use in lateral ankle ligament reconstruction?

<p>Compromised eversion strength and potential for functional deficits. (A)</p>
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What is the PRIMARY goal of incorporating plyometric exercises in the later stages of rehabilitation following surgical reconstruction for chronic lateral ankle instability?

<p>To enhance proprioception, neuromuscular control, and dynamic stability for return to sport. (D)</p>
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Which statement accurately reflects the role of ankle bracing in the long-term management of chronic ankle instability?

<p>Bracing can provide prophylactic support and reduce reinjury risk during high-risk activities. (B)</p>
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What is a definitive contraindication to performing a Broström procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability?

<p>Significant generalized ligamentous laxity. (C)</p>
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In the setting of chronic lateral ankle instability, which of the following findings on physical examination would MOST strongly indicate the need for further evaluation of subtalar joint instability?

<p>Medial shifting of the calcaneus relative to the talus during palpation with inversion/eversion stress. (D)</p>
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According to the provided content, approximately what percentage of patients with an ankle sprain will continue to experience some feeling of instability one year post-injury?

<p>Up to 42% (B)</p>
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What percentage of patients may still experience some feeling of instability in the ankle one year after an ankle sprain?

<p>Up to 42% (A)</p>
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What is a key characteristic of functional ankle instability?

<p>The existence of giving way without clinical or radiographic signs of ankle laxity. (B)</p>
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Which of the following best describes a symptom commonly associated with chronic ankle instability?

<p>Repetitive episodes of the ankle &quot;giving way.&quot; (C)</p>
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When evaluating a patient for chronic ankle instability, what is the purpose of assessing strength of the peroneal tendons?

<p>To assess dynamic stability provided by these tendons. (A)</p>
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Which of the following is considered a biomechanical and structural etiology of chronic ankle instability?

<p>Fixed calcaneal varus (B)</p>
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According to Broström's diagnostic criteria for subtalar joint instability, what degree of talocalcaneal tilt is indicative of instability?

<p>More than 5 degrees. (B)</p>
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Which of the following is least likely to be visualized with MRI when evaluating chronic lateral ankle instability?

<p>Syndesmotic ligament rupture (C)</p>
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What is the primary purpose of using semirigid braces with a stirrup design in the conservative treatment of chronic ankle instability?

<p>To limit excessive inversion and eversion movements. (C)</p>
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In the context of surgical intervention for chronic ankle instability, what is a primary indication for considering surgical management?

<p>Failure of non-operative treatment. (C)</p>
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Which surgical approach aims to restore the native anatomy of the ankle ligaments?

<p>Anatomic Repair via Brostrom procedure (D)</p>
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Which of the following is a recognized limitation of relying solely on clinical stress examination for chronic ankle instability?

<p>Subjectivity and variability between examiners. (B)</p>
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What is the primary goal of incorporating proprioception exercises into the rehabilitation program for chronic ankle instability?

<p>Improve joint position sense and neuromuscular control. (D)</p>
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An athlete with chronic ankle instability reports feeling unstable despite having normal stress radiographs. What should be considered?

<p>Functional Instability (D)</p>
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Which of the following is a primary goal of performing a Broström-Gould procedure?

<p>Anatomic repair and tightening of the lateral ankle ligaments. (B)</p>
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When considering surgical intervention for chronic lateral ankle instability, which of the following findings on physical examination would MOST strongly indicate the need for further evaluation of subtalar joint instability?

<p>Excessive inversion range of motion and pain with subtalar joint stress testing. (D)</p>
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Which statement BEST encapsulates the influence of conservative treatments, like bracing, on ankle sprains?

<p>Bracing has been shown to prevent recurrent sprains. (D)</p>
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Which of the following is a primary disadvantage of utilizing a non-anatomic tenodesis procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability?

<p>Altered ankle biomechanics and potential for long-term stiffness. (D)</p>
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What is the significance of ankle injuries and their frequency in the general population?

<p>They are one of the most common injuries presenting in primary care. (B)</p>
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What long-term complication has been associated with harvesting the peroneus brevis tendon for lateral ankle ligament reconstruction?

<p>Increased risk of peroneal tendon rupture. (C)</p>
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A patient has failed a Brostrom procedure for ankle instability, presents with generalized ligament laxity, and also has a BMI of 40. Which of these historical, non-anatomic surgical options would be BEST?

<p>AFO Bracing Only. (B)</p>
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Which of the following is a recognized symptom associated with chronic ankle instability?

<p>Repetitive episodes of the ankle 'giving way' (A)</p>
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What is the primary reason for assessing peroneal tendon strength during a physical exam for chronic ankle instability?

<p>To identify potential sources of dynamic ankle support (B)</p>
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Which of the following is considered a biomechanical etiology contributing to chronic ankle instability?

<p>Fixed calcaneal varus (A)</p>
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According to Broström's diagnostic criteria for subtalar joint (STJ) instability, what minimal degree of increased talocalcaneal tilt suggests instability?

<p>5 degrees (D)</p>
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Which of the following findings is LEAST likely to be visualized on MRI when evaluating chronic lateral ankle instability?

<p>Deltoid ligament rupture (B)</p>
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In the treatment of chronic ankle instability, what is the primary purpose of using semirigid braces with a stirrup design?

<p>To control inversion and eversion while allowing some dorsiflexion and plantarflexion (A)</p>
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In what scenario is surgical management MOST appropriate for chronic ankle instability?

<p>When non-operative treatments have failed to provide adequate stability (B)</p>
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What is a recognized limitation of relying solely on clinical stress examination for assessing chronic ankle instability?

<p>It is subjective and lacks quantifiable measures. (B)</p>
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An athlete with chronic ankle instability reports persistent feeling of instability despite having normal stress radiographs. What condition should be suspected?

<p>Functional instability (C)</p>
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What is the primary goal of performing a Broström-Gould procedure?

<p>To repair or reconstruct the lateral ankle ligaments (C)</p>
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Which physical examination finding would MOST strongly indicate the need for further evaluation of subtalar joint instability in a patient being considered for surgical intervention for chronic lateral ankle instability?

<p>Positive talar tilt test (D)</p>
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Which statement BEST encapsulates the influence of conservative treatments, such as bracing, on ankle sprains?

<p>Bracing can prevent recurrent sprains and promote healing. (B)</p>
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What is the primary disadvantage of non-anatomic tenodesis procedure such as the Chrisman-Snook procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability?

<p>It may lead to subtalar joint impingement. (C)</p>
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Approximately how many ankle sprains occur annually in the USA?

<p>2 million (B)</p>
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What other pathology should the surgeon be MOST concerned about addressing/checking in the setting of a failed brostrom procedure with generalized laxity and BMI of 40?

<p>Subtalar Instability (B)</p>
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A patient presents with chronic lateral ankle pain one week after an inversion injury. Radiographs are negative. Which of the following should the clinician do FIRST?

<p>Apply the Ottawa Ankle Rules and consider repeat radiographs if indicated (D)</p>
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True or false: Patients with functional ankle instability have ligamentous laxity with radiographic signs?

<p>False (A)</p>
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Which of the following is NOT an objective related to understanding chronic lateral ankle instability?

<p>Describe the history of ankle brace development. (A)</p>
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Approximately 20 million ankle sprains occur annually in the USA.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What percentage of patients still have some feeling of instability at 1 year post ankle injuries?

<p>Up to 42% (C)</p>
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Name one potential outcome of repeated ankle sprains.

<p>chronic ankle instability</p>
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of chronic ankle instability?

<p>Constant, severe pain. (C)</p>
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Pain is typically the predominant symptom in chronic ankle instability.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Which exam assesses the laxity of the ankle ligaments?

<p>Talar Tilt test (D)</p>
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Patients with demonstrable ligamentous laxity are categorized as having __________ instability.

<p>mechanical</p>
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Match the instability type with its characteristics.

<p>Functional Instability = Symptoms of giving way without clinical or radiographic signs of laxity. Mechanical Instability = Demonstrable ligamentous laxity.</p>
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Which of the following is not typically considered a biomechanical cause of chronic ankle instability?

<p>High BMI (A)</p>
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Acute ankle sprains cannot lead to chronic ankle instability.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What percentage of patients undergoing surgery for chronic lateral ankle instability were found to have peroneal tenosynovitis?

<p>77% (D)</p>
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Functional Instability?

<p>Giving way without clinical signs of laxity (D)</p>
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Which of the following non-operative treatments has been proven effective against ankle sprains?

<p>Taping and Bracing (D)</p>
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Which of the following surgeries is not considered a Tenodesis Reconstruction?

<p>Gould Modificiation (D)</p>
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A Brostrom repair involves reattaching the fibular periosteum to the ATFL

<p>False (B)</p>
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What is the key defining factor in a diagnosis of STJ instability, confirmed by imaging?

<p>Medial displacement of more than 5mm of the talus to the calcaneus (C)</p>
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What is the minimum talocalcaneal tilt measured to diagnose STJ instability?

<p>5°</p>
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Which surgical procedure used to treat Chronic Ankle Instability sacrifices the PB

<p>Chrisman-Snook (A)</p>
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The Brostrom-Gould procedure increases the strength of the repaired ligaments by approximately __________%.

<p>60</p>
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In the context of chronic lateral ankle instability, which surgical intervention is most likely to address both the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) through a single incision and augmented stabilization?

<p>A Broström-Gould procedure using a distally-based periosteal flap anchored into the fibula. (C)</p>
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Isolated ankle sprains, irrespective of severity and frequency, definitively progress to chronic ankle instability, necessitating immediate surgical intervention to prevent long-term sequelae.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Which of the outlined conditions is LEAST likely to be addressed by a Broström procedure?

<p>Combined ankle instability associated with subtalar joint hypermobility. (D)</p>
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The presence of medial displacement of the talus to the calcaneus greater than ______ mm, when assessed radiographically, is indicative of subtalar joint instability.

<p>5</p>
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Which of the following rehabilitation strategies is MOST likely to benefit a patient recovering from a lateral ankle sprain in terms of restoring proprioception and neuromuscular control?

<p>Progressive agility and balance training on uneven surfaces combined with peroneal strengthening exercises. (D)</p>
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The Watson-Jones procedure, involving a split of the peroneus brevis tendon routed through the calcaneus and fibula, is the gold standard surgical technique for addressing chronic ankle instability due to its biomechanical superiority and long-term outcomes.

<p>False (B)</p>
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When interpreting MRI findings in a patient with suspected chronic lateral ankle instability, which of the following findings would LEAST contribute to the diagnosis and management strategy?

<p>Medial ankle tendon tenosynovitis. (C)</p>
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In the context of chronic ankle instability, which biomechanical etiology is LEAST likely to contribute directly to recurrent lateral ankle sprains?

<p>Excessive ankle dorsiflexion. (C)</p>
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Patients reporting a persistent sense of ankle "______" and apprehension about future instability episodes are indicative of functional ankle instability.

<p>looseness</p>
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The lateral portion of the inferior extensor retinaculum (IERR) is often transferred and sutured to the anterior fibular periosteum during a modified Broström procedure. What is the PRIMARY purpose of this retinacular augmentation?

<p>To provide dynamic support to the lateral ankle ligaments, resisting inversion and plantarflexion stresses. (B)</p>
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Match the surgical procedures with their respective descriptions:

<p>Watson-Jones Procedure = Tenodesis reconstruction using a split peroneus brevis tendon to reinforce the lateral ankle. Brostrom Procedure = Direct repair of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) with or without retinacular augmentation. Chrisman-Snook Procedure = Tenodesis reconstruction using the peroneus brevis tendon passed through bone tunnels in the fibula and calcaneus. Gould Modification = Augmentation of the Broström repair by advancement and suturing of the inferior extensor retinaculum.</p>
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Which consideration would LEAST likely contraindicate a Broström procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability?

<p>Isolated injury to the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) without involvement of other lateral ligaments. (A)</p>
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Describe the arthrokinematic rationale behind utilizing a talar tilt test to assess the integrity of the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL)

<p>The talar tilt test assesses CFL integrity by evaluating the degree of inversion possible at the talocrural joint. Excessive tilt indicates CFL laxity, reflecting abnormal articular motion and instability.</p>
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A patient presents with persistent lateral ankle pain and instability following multiple ankle sprains. Radiographic stress views reveal a talar tilt of 15 degrees, and anterior drawer test is positive. MRI shows complete rupture of ATFL and CFL. What therapeutic approach is most appropriate?

<p>Proceed with anatomic reconstruction using a graft and internal bracing. (A)</p>
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Explain the role of plyometric training in the rehabilitation of chronic ankle instability, detailing its impact on neuromuscular control and injury prevention.

<p>Plyometric training restores power, agility, and reactive neuromuscular control. It helps to dynamically stabilize the ankle to reduce the risk of future sprains.</p>
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In a Broström-Gould procedure, lateral ankle instability is effectively corrected with simultaneous repair of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), without the need for additional biomechanical assessment or intervention of any concomitant subtalar joint instability.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Which of the following factors is MOST crucial for determining the optimal surgical approach for chronic lateral ankle instability?

<p>Specific ligaments involved and the degree of instability. (A)</p>
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Post-surgical rehabilitation following a Broström procedure typically involves a period of immobilization, followed by progressive weight-bearing and exercises that prioritize the restoration of ______ and strength.

<p>proprioception</p>
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Which of the following imaging modalities is MOST effective for evaluating chondral defects or intra-articular loose bodies associated with chronic lateral ankle instability?

<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). (C)</p>
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Semirigid braces with stirrup designs are considered ineffective for managing chronic ankle instability due to their limited ability to restrict excessive motion and promote proprioceptive feedback.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Flashcards

Etiology

The study of the causes or origins of diseases or conditions.

Ankle Sprains

One of the most common injuries, often seen in primary care and emergency departments.

Chronic Ankle Instability

Caused by acute ankle sprains, biomechanical issues, and connective tissue disorders; characterized by recurrent instability.

Functional Instability

This is the continued presence of symptoms of ankle instability without clinical or radiographic evidence of ligament laxity.

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Mechanical Instability

The presence of ligamentous laxity is seen through physical examination or imaging.

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Symptoms of Ankle Instability

Repetitive episodes of giving way, a sense of looseness, and difficulty walking on uneven ground

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Biomechanical Etiologies

Fixed calcaneal varus, tibial varum, and rigid plantarflexed first ray

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Physical Exam Components

Area of tenderness, peroneal tendon strength, proprioception, and stress tests.

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STJ Instability Diagnosis

Involves medial displacement of more than 5mm of the talus to the calcaneus and a talocalcaneal tilt of more than 5 degrees.

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Conservative Treatment

Taping, bracing, and strengthening exercises to prevent recurrent sprains and improve proprioception

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Surgical Intervention Indications

Non-operative treatment failure, pain with giving way, mechanical/functional instability, and positive stress tests.

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Indirect Repair

Watson-Jones and Evans are examples that are now considered historical.

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Direct Repair of Ligaments

Direct repair, using the Brostrom-Gould technique, involves shortening and suturing the ligaments.

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Brostrom Contraindications

Failed Brostrom procedure, generalized laxity, and poor tissue quality.

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Anatomic Reconstruction Definition

Allograft peroneus longus is used to reconstruct ligaments.

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Ankle Sprain Incidence

Approximately 2 million ankle sprains occur annually in the USA.

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Physical Examination

A comprehensive evaluation including strength and stability tests of the ankle and foot.

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Subjective Ankle Instability

The subjective feeling of instability without objective findings on physical exam.

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Ankle Sprain Progression

Acute ankle sprains can develop into long-term ankle problems.

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Ankle Stress Tests

Talar Tilt and Anterior Drawer tests done on physical exam

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Brostrom-Gould Technique

A surgical technique providing a 60% increase in strength.

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What Causes Chronic Ankle Injuries?

Injuries from sprains that do not heal despite treatment.

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Area's of Tenderness?

Ankle, subtalar joint, and sinus tarsi.

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Name a Biomechanical Etiology.

Fixed Calcaneal Varus, Tibial Varum, rigid plantar flexed first ray, Anterior and posterior tibial tendons

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Anterior Drawer Test

Tension is applied in an anterior direction to assess the integrity of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL).

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Talar Tilt

Tilting the talus within the ankle mortise, assessing the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL).

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Surgical Correction

Ligament repair and reconstruction of the ankle ligaments to stabilize the joint.

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Grafting Procedure

Using a graft to reconstruct the damaged ligaments in ankle.

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Associated injuries found during surgery.

Ankle capsular avulsion fracture, peroneal tenosynovitis, and intra-articular loose body.

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Plyometric training

Plyometric drills used to improve muscle performance.

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Repeated Ankle Sprains

Repeated ankle sprains may lead to chronic ankle instability, joint changes, and persistent pain.

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Talar Tilt Test

Assess ligament integrity via inversion stress to the calcaneus.

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Functional Ankle Instability

Patients exhibit symptoms despite a lack of clinical or radiographic findings.

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Mechanical Ankle Instability

Ligamentous laxity confirmed via physical exam or imaging studies.

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Direct Ligament Repair

A surgical technique where ligaments are shortened & sutured directly.

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Anatomic Reconstruction

Involves using tendon allografts to reconstruct ankle ligaments.

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Non-surgical treatments

Taping, bracing and rehab exercises stabilize the joint.

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Synthetic augmentations

Using synthetic materials to reinforce ligament repair.

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Chronic instability

The result of non-healing acute ankle sprains and biomechanical or connective tissue problems.

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Ankle Bracing and Taping

Non-surgical supports, such as braces and tape to provide stability to the ankle joint.

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Direct Ankle Ligament Repair

A procedure that involves repairing the patient's native ligaments.

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Ankle Ligament Reconstruction

Using a graft for more stability.

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Ankle Ligaments

The ATFL, CFL, and PTFL are the main ligaments that stabilize the ankle

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Peroneal Strengthening

Muscle strengthening, balance exercises help prevent ankle sprains.

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Recovery Time

The time expected for soft tissues in the ankle to recovery from injury.

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Clinical Stress Exam

The physical exam done to check for joint looseness.

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Plantarflexed first ray

Overactivity of tendons that flex the foot downwards.

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Ankle Support

Taping and bracing stabilize & prevent more ankle sprains.

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Autograft

Surgical methods using the body's tissues.

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Brostrom risks

Failed Brostrom, generalized laxity, and poor tissue.

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Watson-Jones

Tenodesis reconstruction for instability.

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Peroneus Longus Allograft

Using allograft to stabilize the ankle.

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Bracing.

Brace is more cost effective.

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Repeat Sprains

Repeated sprains lead to arthritis

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Study Notes

Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability

  • Objectives include demonstrating knowledge of the etiology, imaging, and management of ankle instability.
  • Ankle sprains are among the most common injuries presenting to primary care providers and emergency departments.
  • Approximately 2 million ankle sprains occur annually in the USA.
  • Ankle sprains can result in significant time lost to disability.
  • Repeated sprains can lead to chronic ankle instability, degenerative joint changes, and chronic pain.

General Recovery

  • General recovery time for ankle injuries is 6 weeks to 3 months.
  • Up to 42% of patients still have some feeling of instability at 1 year.
  • The re-sprain rate is 3-34%.
  • Training 3 or more times is a poor prognostic factor.

Types of Instability

  • Functional instability is the presence of symptoms of giving way without clinical or radiographic signs of laxity.
  • Mechanical instability is when patients have demonstrable ligamentous laxity.

Symptoms of Ankle Instability

  • Repetitive episodes of "giving way."
  • History of severe or multiple ankle sprains.
  • Individuals may express a sense of "looseness."
  • Apprehension exists about the next instability episode.
  • Difficulties with walking on uneven ground.
  • Pain is not a predominant symptom.

Physical Exam

  • Important to assess for areas of tenderness.
  • Evaluate the strength of peroneal tendons and proprioception.
  • Perform clinical stress exams, such as the Talar Tilt and Anterior Drawer tests.

Biomechanical and Structural Etiologies

  • Fixed calcaneal Varus.
  • Tibial Varum.
  • Rigid plantarflexed first ray.
  • Phasic overactivity of the anterior and posterior tibial tendons.
  • Calcaneal and Talar Torsional abnormalities.

STJ Instability

  • Subtalar Joint (STJ) instability is diagnosed when there is medial displacement of more than 5mm of the talus to the calcaneus.
  • STJ Instability is diagnosed when there is talocalcaneal tilt of more than 5°.

MRIs

  • MRIs are a means of detecting associated injuries found in chronic lateral ankle instability.

Conservative Treatment

  • Taping and bracing are both effective, especially in preventing recurrent sprains.
  • Bracing is more cost effective and faster than other options.
  • Semirigid braces with stirrup design are used.
  • Proprioception is effective for preventive training.
  • Peroneal Strengthening is beneficial.
  • Plyometric training can improve outcomes.

Surgical intervention

  • Surgical intervention is indicated in cases of Non-operative failure.
  • Surgical intervention is indicated in cases of pain with "giving away."
  • Surgical intervention is indicated when Mechanical / functional instability is present.
  • Surgical intervention is indicated when the stress test is positive.

Surgical Treatment for Chronic Ankle Instability

  • Tenodesis Reconstruction
  • Anatomic Repair
  • Anatomic Reconstruction

Brostrom-Gould Procedure

  • The Anterior talofibular ligament is cut, shortened, and sutured directly back to itself.
  • The Calcaneofibular ligament is cut, shortened, and sutured directly back to itself.
  • The lateral portion of the inferior extensor retinaculum is pulled over the repaired ATFL and sutured to the anterior fibular periosteum.
  • This results in a 60% increase in strength.

Contraindications for Brostrom Procedure

  • Failed Brostrom procedure.
  • Generalized Laxity.
  • Poor Tissue/BMI.

Anatomic Reconstruction

  • Peroneus Longus Allograft
  • Synthetic Arthrex Internal Brace

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