Chronic Kidney Disease Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason males may experience a higher progression of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) than females?

  • Hormonal influences (correct)
  • Age-related deterioration
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Dietary habits

    • Which of the following is NOT considered a risk factor for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

  • Hypertension
  • Family history
  • Body mass index (correct)
  • Obesity

    • What are the typical early signs of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) that are commonly undetected?

  • Electrolyte imbalances (correct)
  • Uremia-induced fatigue
  • Blood in urine
  • Significant kidney function loss

    • What is a common symptom of anemia in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

    <p>Erythropoietin deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the transmission of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

    <p>CKD results from chronic disease, genetics, or toxic exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum glomerular filtration rate (GFR) that defines Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

    <p>60 mL/min/1.73 m²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of Chronic Kidney Disease?

    <p>Excessive physical exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pathological consequence of prolonged glomerular hyperfiltration in CKD?

    <p>Increased nephron loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hyperfiltration injury in CKD primarily lead to?

    <p>Thickening of the glomerular basement membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of tubulointerstitial inflammation in CKD?

    <p>It contributes to fibrosis and further nephron damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of diseases can lead to glomerular injury and eventually CKD?

    <p>Autoimmune diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chronic hyperglycemia specifically affect kidney function in CKD?

    <p>It leads to the deposition of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes ultimately becomes maladaptive in CKD?

    <p>Increased filtration rate by surviving nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary consequence of the production of myofibroblasts in response to chronic kidney injury?

    <p>Fibrosis and scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding chronic kidney disease (CKD) is incorrect?

    <p>CKD is a transmissible disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the clinical diagnosis of CKD made?

    <p>Below 60 mL/min/1.73 m²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which modifiable risk factor for CKD is primarily linked to increased vascular pressure and nephron damage?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is recognized as the leading cause of CKD?

    <p>Diabetic nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following non-modifiable risk factors is related to genetic predisposition for CKD?

    <p>Family history of polycystic kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does angiotensin II have on kidney injury?

    <p>Promotes fibrosis and increases oxidative stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to kidney function as fibrosis progresses due to chronic injury?

    <p>Declines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

    • Defined as progressive and irreversible loss of kidney function
    • Characterized by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m² for three or more months
    • Affects every body system if left untreated

    Most Likely Causes

    • Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetic Nephropathy): Chronic hyperglycemia damages glomerular capillaries, leading to inflammation, fibrosis, and nephron loss
    • Hypertension (Hypertensive Nephropathy): High blood pressure damages nephron's filtering capacity
    • Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the glomeruli damages the filtration system
    • Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD): Genetic disorder characterized by cysts that replace normal kidney tissue
    • Autoimmune Diseases: Conditions like Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) can cause glomerular injury

    Pathophysiology

    • Progressive nephron loss and adaptations of surviving nephrons
    • Loss of Functional Nephrons: Injury (e.g., from hypertension, diabetes) leads to loss of nephrons; remaining nephrons compensate by increasing filtration (glomerular hyperfiltration)
    • Hyperfiltration Injury: Increased glomerular pressure damages endothelial cells, leading to podocyte detachment and thickening of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). This leads to proteinuria (protein in the urine), contributing to tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis
    • Tubulointerstitial Inflammation: Protein filtration activates tubular cells, leading to production of inflammatory cytokines, promoting fibrosis, angiotensin II upregulation, and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), further damaging nephrons
    • Fibrosis and Scarring: Chronic injury triggers myofibroblast production, causing extracellular matrix protein (collagen) deposition and scarring, replacing normal kidney tissue

    Reduced Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

    • Fibrosis causes GFR decline
    • GFR below 60 mL/min/1.73 m² indicates CKD diagnosis
    • GFR less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m² indicates end-stage renal disease (ESRD), requiring dialysis or transplant

    Disease Transmission

    • CKD is not transmissible
    • Results from chronic disease processes (diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune diseases) or genetic mutations (like polycystic kidney disease)
    • No transmission from person to person (unless genetic predisposition)

    Risk Factors

    • Modifiable: Diabetes, hypertension, obesity, smoking, NSAID use
    • Non-Modifiable: Age, family history, genetics (PKD), ethnicity, gender

    Clinical Manifestations

    • Asymptomatic early stages
    • CKD symptoms appear as kidney function declines:
      • Uremia (build-up of urea in blood)
      • Electrolyte imbalances (hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis)
      • Fluid overload
      • Anemia (decreased red blood cell production)
      • Cardiovascular complications (e.g., left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), heart failure)

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    Description

    This quiz covers the definition, causes, and pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Learn about how CKD affects kidney function and the systemic implications if left untreated. Delve into the various factors contributing to its progression and the biological mechanisms involved.

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