Chronic Kidney Disease Overview

<p>By relaxing muscle cells in arterial walls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphate binders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiotensin II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tissue death (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They block angiotensin I conversion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Twitching (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac arrhythmias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low sodium intake (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tetany (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle weakness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lowest weight a patient can tolerate after hemodialysis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bounding pulse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocardial infarction and stroke (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart rate variability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid removal can lead to hypotension if not replaced quickly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium restriction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By achieving and maintaining a stable dry weight. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bounding pulse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypervolemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmosis allows fluid from tissues to move into blood after fluid removal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>With meals, unless advised otherwise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bananas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Too much protein can lead to urea buildup (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased respiratory rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>500-1000 ml (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron pills like ferrous gluconate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urea buildup (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Canned foods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased energy levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restricted nutrient intake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Daily weight measurement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BUN and creatinine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced protein consumption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leukocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitor phosphorus levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evaluate for irregular heartbeats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid volume status (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitor arterial blood gases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid retention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Symptoms of anemia include weakness, fatigue, headaches, concentration problems, pale skin, dizziness, difficulty breathing, chest pain, fast heartbeat (tachycardia), and irregular heartbeat.

Patients with kidney disease are at higher risk for infections due to diabetes, impaired wound healing, and chronic wounds.

Lower blood pressure by blocking angiotensin II formation, widening blood vessels, and reducing aldosterone release.

Lower blood pressure by blocking angiotensin II from binding to receptors, causing blood vessels to relax and widen.

Lower blood pressure by preventing calcium entry into heart and blood vessel cells, relaxing and widening blood vessels, and potentially slowing heart rate.

Used to reduce phosphate absorption from food, often used for dialysis patients, with calcium-based binders being a common choice.

A hormone that narrows blood vessels, increasing blood pressure.

Death of tissue due to insufficient blood flow.

The lowest weight a patient can tolerate after hemodialysis without symptoms of low or high blood volume (hypovolemia or hypervolemia).

A normal amount of fluid in the body.

A large amount of fluid (usually over 2 liters) is removed from the patient's blood during hemodialysis.

Low blood pressure during hemodialysis caused by slow fluid replacement after removal.

Low blood volume, a fluid deficit.

High blood volume, fluid excess.

High blood pressure, rapid pulse, swollen veins, fast breathing, lung crackles, swelling, increased weight, headache, fatigue.

Symptoms of low blood volume; opposite of fluid volume excess.

Low blood flow.

Fluid shift from tissues/cells into blood vessels after fluid removal in hemodialysis.

Low sodium in the blood. Symptoms include irritability, confusion, seizures, headache, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, dehydration, and lethargy.

High sodium in the blood. Symptoms include intense thirst, restlessness, agitation, twitching, seizures, and coma.

Calcium carbonate pills should be taken with meals unless a nephrologist orders otherwise.

Iron pills, such as ferrous gluconate, should be taken between meals.

Foods high in potassium include potatoes, squash, bananas, oranges, tomatoes, and dried peas and beans.

Processed foods, like deli meats, canned foods, convenience foods, fast foods, salty snacks, and salty seasonings are high in sodium.

Milk, cheese, and other dairy products, as well as protein foods like meat, fish, and poultry, are high in phosphorus.

Patients with kidney disease need to consume the right amount of protein. Too much protein can lead to a buildup of urea, while too little protein can lead to malnutrition and problems with tissue repair.

Fluid intake for dialysis patients is usually calculated by adding 400–600 ml to the patient's urine output. The extra 400–600 ml accounts for the fluid that is lost through the skin and lungs.

For patients who do not produce urine, a safe daily fluid intake is between 500 and 1000 ml, which should limit weight gain to 0.5–1.0 kg.

Signs of fluid overload can include: increased blood pressure, bounding pulse, jugular vein distention, increased respiratory rate, shortness of breath, crackles in the lungs, peripheral/pitting edema, generalized edema, increased weight, headache, fatigue, and changes in activity.

A condition where the body retains too much fluid, leading to swelling and potential complications.

A condition where the body's pH balance is disrupted, leading to potential complications.

A condition where the body's electrolytes are out of balance, leading to potential complications.

A condition where the jugular vein in the neck is visibly distended, suggesting increased pressure in the heart and surrounding veins.

Changes in the blood vessels located in the limbs, including swelling, discoloration, temperature changes, and reduced pulse.

Pain in the area where the ribs and spine meet, suggesting a possible problem with the kidneys.

Red blood cells clumped together in the urine, indicating potential kidney damage.

Swelling caused by fluid build-up in the tissues.

Abnormal swooshing sounds heard through a stethoscope, indicating turbulent blood flow in an artery.