Questions and Answers
What is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Which risk factor is NOT associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
What is a common complication associated with the hyperfiltration mechanism in CKD?
Which of the following ethnic groups has a higher prevalence of CKD?
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What percentage of CKD cases is attributed to hypertension?
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What is a common genetic disorder leading to CKD?
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Which condition is a type of chronic infection that can lead to CKD?
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What compensatory mechanism occurs in remaining nephrons as CKD progresses?
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Which of the following is a common symptom of CKD?
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What is the approximate prevalence of CKD in the adult population globally?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
- CKD is a progressive disease resulting in gradual kidney function loss.
- It impacts millions globally, with high rates of morbidity and mortality.
- Healthcare costs associated with CKD are significant.
- Classification is based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which measures kidney function.
Epidemiology of CKD
- Approximately 10-15% of the adult population worldwide has CKD.
- Prevalence increases with age; prevalent in individuals with hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.
- Higher incidence observed in certain ethnic groups, notably African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans.
Etiology and Risk Factors
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Common Causes:
- Diabetes Mellitus: Leading cause (30-40% of cases).
- Hypertension: Second most common (25-30% of cases).
- Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of glomeruli.
- Polycystic Kidney Disease: Genetic disorder causing renal cysts.
- Obstructive Nephropathy: Resulting from kidney stones, tumors, or prostate enlargement.
- Chronic Infections: Includes recurrent urinary tract infections and chronic pyelonephritis.
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Risk Factors:
- Age over 60 years.
- Family history of CKD.
- Obesity and smoking.
- Existing cardiovascular disease.
- Long-term use of nephrotoxic medications, such as NSAIDs.
Pathophysiology of CKD
- CKD leads to progressive nephron function loss.
- Damaged nephrons trigger compensatory mechanisms in remaining nephrons, causing hyperfiltration and hypertrophy.
- Increased glomerular pressure and proteinuria from compensatory mechanisms result in further nephron injury.
- Over time, fibrosis and scarring occur, contributing to worsening kidney function.
Classification and Staging of CKD
- CKD classification is determined by estimated GFR (eGFR) and presence of albuminuria.
- KDIGO classification is widely recognized:
- Stage 1: eGFR ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m² with kidney damage.
- Stage 2: eGFR 60-89 mL/min/1.73 m² with kidney damage.
- Stage 3a: eGFR 45-59 mL/min/1.73 m².
- Stage 3b: eGFR 30-44 mL/min/1.73 m².
- Stage 4: eGFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73 m².
- Stage 5: eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m² (often referred to as end-stage renal disease).
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Description
This quiz provides an introduction to Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), its epidemiology, and associated risk factors. Explore the common causes of CKD and understand its impact on global health. Test your knowledge on this significant health issue affecting millions worldwide.
