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Questions and Answers
What is the role of opsonisation in the immune response?
What is the role of opsonisation in the immune response?
Which type of white blood cells primarily responds to inflamed tissue sites through phagocytosis?
Which type of white blood cells primarily responds to inflamed tissue sites through phagocytosis?
What is a key characteristic of purulent inflammation?
What is a key characteristic of purulent inflammation?
Which enzyme is NOT typically released by white blood cells during the immune response?
Which enzyme is NOT typically released by white blood cells during the immune response?
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What impact does the immune response have on the host during an inflammatory reaction?
What impact does the immune response have on the host during an inflammatory reaction?
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Which pattern of inflammation is characterized by the break in the surface of epithelial tissue?
Which pattern of inflammation is characterized by the break in the surface of epithelial tissue?
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What is the primary purpose of inflammation in the body?
What is the primary purpose of inflammation in the body?
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Which of the following best describes acute inflammation?
Which of the following best describes acute inflammation?
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What type of inflammation is characterized by a quick response and short duration?
What type of inflammation is characterized by a quick response and short duration?
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Which type of exudate is characterized by a high concentration of cells?
Which type of exudate is characterized by a high concentration of cells?
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Which type of cell primarily infiltrates during acute inflammation?
Which type of cell primarily infiltrates during acute inflammation?
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What triggers the process of inflammation?
What triggers the process of inflammation?
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What is a likely characteristic of chronic inflammation?
What is a likely characteristic of chronic inflammation?
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What is the role of phagocytosis in inflammation?
What is the role of phagocytosis in inflammation?
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Which of the following factors is NOT a common type of stimulus for triggering inflammation?
Which of the following factors is NOT a common type of stimulus for triggering inflammation?
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Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of acute inflammation?
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What characteristic sign is commonly associated with acute inflammation?
What characteristic sign is commonly associated with acute inflammation?
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What is a common factor in initiating acute inflammation?
What is a common factor in initiating acute inflammation?
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Which chemical mediator is known to play a pivotal role in the inflammatory process?
Which chemical mediator is known to play a pivotal role in the inflammatory process?
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Which response is commonly associated with chronic inflammation?
Which response is commonly associated with chronic inflammation?
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What is the role of vasodilation in the process of acute inflammation?
What is the role of vasodilation in the process of acute inflammation?
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How does acute inflammation typically affect tissue?
How does acute inflammation typically affect tissue?
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Which of the following would most likely NOT be involved in the inflammatory response of acute inflammation?
Which of the following would most likely NOT be involved in the inflammatory response of acute inflammation?
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What is a common complication of unresolved acute inflammation?
What is a common complication of unresolved acute inflammation?
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Which condition is a potential cause of chronic inflammation?
Which condition is a potential cause of chronic inflammation?
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What is typically true regarding the presence of cardinal signs in acute versus chronic inflammation?
What is typically true regarding the presence of cardinal signs in acute versus chronic inflammation?
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What is the primary role of cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8?
What is the primary role of cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8?
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Which of the following is produced by mast cells and causes arterioles to dilate?
Which of the following is produced by mast cells and causes arterioles to dilate?
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What is the function of leukotrienes in an inflammatory response?
What is the function of leukotrienes in an inflammatory response?
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What is the primary effect of persistent vasodilation on vascular pressure?
What is the primary effect of persistent vasodilation on vascular pressure?
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What effect do prostaglandins have during inflammation?
What effect do prostaglandins have during inflammation?
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Which statement accurately describes Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)?
Which statement accurately describes Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)?
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Which process allows more fluid to transude into the extracellular space when hydrostatic pressure is high?
Which process allows more fluid to transude into the extracellular space when hydrostatic pressure is high?
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Which of the following factors primarily causes increased vascular permeability?
Which of the following factors primarily causes increased vascular permeability?
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What type of cytokines does histamine belong to?
What type of cytokines does histamine belong to?
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What role do chemokines play in the inflammatory response?
What role do chemokines play in the inflammatory response?
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What is the key function of chemokines in the immune response?
What is the key function of chemokines in the immune response?
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Which of the following statements about cytokines is false?
Which of the following statements about cytokines is false?
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What is likely to occur as a result of slowing or stagnation of microcirculation?
What is likely to occur as a result of slowing or stagnation of microcirculation?
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What mechanism is primarily responsible for the recruitment of neutrophils during inflammation?
What mechanism is primarily responsible for the recruitment of neutrophils during inflammation?
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Which type of phagocytic cell is primarily involved in the early inflammatory response?
Which type of phagocytic cell is primarily involved in the early inflammatory response?
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Which mechanism contributes to the leakage of fluid from newly formed blood vessels?
Which mechanism contributes to the leakage of fluid from newly formed blood vessels?
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How does leukocyte recruitment occur at the site of injury?
How does leukocyte recruitment occur at the site of injury?
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What is a consequence of endothelial injury during an inflammatory response?
What is a consequence of endothelial injury during an inflammatory response?
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Which term describes the process by which white blood cells engulf particles?
Which term describes the process by which white blood cells engulf particles?
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Study Notes
Acute Inflammation
- A local response of tissue to injury caused by a variety of stimuli, including microbial, immunological, physical, and chemical agents
- Can be both beneficial and detrimental to the body
Types of Inflammation
- Acute: Quick response, short duration
- Chronic: Long standing, persistent inflammation
Features of Acute vs. Chronic Inflammation
- Onset: Acute is fast, Chronic is slow
- Cellular Infiltrate: Acute is mainly neutrophils, Chronic is monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes
- Tissue Injury: Acute is usually mild and self-limited, Chronic leads to fibrosis (scarring) and angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation)
- Local and Systemic Factors: Prominent in acute inflammation
- Cardinal Signs: Present in acute inflammation, not present in chronic inflammation
- Presence of Stimulus: Long term exposure in chronic inflammation
Causes of Acute Inflammation
- Infections: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
- Tissue Necrosis: Physical or chemical injuries, heart attack, collection of dead tissue in a confined space
- Trauma: Blunt and penetrating trauma, burns, frostbite, chemicals
- Foreign Bodies: Splinters, sutures, bones, fingernails, popcorn kernels
- Immune (Hypersensitivity Reactions): Triggered by environmental factors or autoimmune diseases
Five Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
- Rubor (redness)
- Calor (heat)
- Tumor (swelling)
- Dolor (pain)
- Loss of function
Events in Acute Inflammation
Vascular Events
- Vasodilation: Blood vessels dilate, leading to increased blood flow and redness.
- Increased Vascular Permeability: Endothelial cells (lining of blood vessels) become more permeable, allowing fluid and cells to escape into the surrounding tissue.
- Transudation: Fluid leaks out of the blood vessels into the extracellular space, leading to swelling.
- Slowing of Microcirculation: Blood flow slows down, allowing white blood cells to adhere to the vessel wall.
Causes of Increased Vascular Permeability
- Endothelial Cell Contraction: Contraction of endothelial cells opens up gaps between them.
- Endothelial Injury: Direct injury to endothelial cells causes them to leak.
- Leukocyte-Induced Injury: White blood cells can damage endothelial cells as they try to squeeze through them.
- Increased Transcytosis: Endothelial cells can increase the transport of fluids across their membrane.
- Leakage from New Blood Vessels: New blood vessels formed during inflammation are leaky.
Cellular Events
- Leukocyte Recruitment (Chemotaxis): White blood cells are attracted to the site of injury by chemical messengers called chemokines.
- Phagocytosis: White blood cells, particularly neutrophils and macrophages, engulf and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles.
- Opsonization: The process where antigens (foreign substances) are coated by antibodies or complement proteins, making it easier for phagocytes to recognize and engulf them.
Phagocytosis
- Neutrophils and macrophages are the primary phagocytic cells involved in inflammation.
- Neutrophils are the first responders in acute inflammation.
- Lysosomal Enzymes: White blood cells release various enzymes (protease, collagenase, elastase, lipase) that break down tissue and help fight infection.
Patterns of Inflammation
- Serous: Leakage of fluid into body cavities or cancers (blister).
- Fibrinous: Thick, sticky exudate, rich in fibrin (a protein involved in clotting)
- Suppurative (Purulent): Pus, a thick fluid composed of dead cells, bacteria, and white blood cells.
- Ulcerative: Break in the surface of epithelial tissue or lining, often associated with a chronic inflammatory process.
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Description
This quiz explores the differences between acute and chronic inflammation, including their features, causes, and effects on the body. Understand the cellular responses and the role of inflammation in tissue injury and healing processes. Test your knowledge of these critical concepts in pathology.
