Acute vs. Chronic Inflammation

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of opsonisation in the immune response?

To destroy bacteria directly

To mark antigens for engulfment by white blood cells (correct)

To enhance the survival of pathogens

To regulate inflammation in tissues

Which type of white blood cells primarily responds to inflamed tissue sites through phagocytosis?

Neutrophils and macrophages (correct)

Eosinophils

Basophils

Lymphocytes

What is a key characteristic of purulent inflammation?

It is the result of chronic inflammation only

It is characterized by the presence of necrotic tissue and pus (correct)

It does not involve white blood cells

It involves significant fluid leakage without pus

Which enzyme is NOT typically released by white blood cells during the immune response?

Amylase Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the immune response have on the host during an inflammatory reaction?

It can also cause tissue damage to the host Signup and view all the answers

Which pattern of inflammation is characterized by the break in the surface of epithelial tissue?

Ulcerative inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of inflammation in the body?

To protect the body from further injury Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes acute inflammation?

A rapid, local response to tissue injury Signup and view all the answers

What type of inflammation is characterized by a quick response and short duration?

Acute inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of exudate is characterized by a high concentration of cells?

Purulent exudate Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell primarily infiltrates during acute inflammation?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the process of inflammation?

Multiple stimuli including microbial and immunological factors Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely characteristic of chronic inflammation?

Long-standing tissue injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of phagocytosis in inflammation?

To engulf and destroy pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT a common type of stimulus for triggering inflammation?

Psychological stress Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of acute inflammation?

Fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic sign is commonly associated with acute inflammation?

Swelling Signup and view all the answers

What is a common factor in initiating acute inflammation?

Physical or chemical injuries Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical mediator is known to play a pivotal role in the inflammatory process?

Prostaglandins Signup and view all the answers

Which response is commonly associated with chronic inflammation?

Fibrosis and angiogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vasodilation in the process of acute inflammation?

To allow more white blood cells to reach the injury Signup and view all the answers

How does acute inflammation typically affect tissue?

It can lead to either healing or damage depending on the context Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would most likely NOT be involved in the inflammatory response of acute inflammation?

Long-term allergies Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of unresolved acute inflammation?

Transition to chronic inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a potential cause of chronic inflammation?

Environmental allergen exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is typically true regarding the presence of cardinal signs in acute versus chronic inflammation?

Present in acute but not in chronic Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8?

Mediate and regulate immune and inflammatory reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is produced by mast cells and causes arterioles to dilate?

Histamine Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of leukotrienes in an inflammatory response?

They act as chemotactic agents for neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of persistent vasodilation on vascular pressure?

Increases pressure in vessels Signup and view all the answers

What effect do prostaglandins have during inflammation?

They induce fever and cause pain Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)?

It induces fever and plays a role in leukocyte activation Signup and view all the answers

Which process allows more fluid to transude into the extracellular space when hydrostatic pressure is high?

Transudation of fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors primarily causes increased vascular permeability?

Endothelial cell contraction Signup and view all the answers

What type of cytokines does histamine belong to?

Vasoactive amines Signup and view all the answers

What role do chemokines play in the inflammatory response?

They help recruit white blood cells to the injury site Signup and view all the answers

What is the key function of chemokines in the immune response?

Act as chemo-attractants for specific leukocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cytokines is false?

All cytokines originate from leukocytes only Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to occur as a result of slowing or stagnation of microcirculation?

More time for neutrophils to act Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is primarily responsible for the recruitment of neutrophils during inflammation?

Chemotactic properties of cytokines like TNF Signup and view all the answers

Which type of phagocytic cell is primarily involved in the early inflammatory response?

PMNs Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism contributes to the leakage of fluid from newly formed blood vessels?

Increased transcytosis Signup and view all the answers

How does leukocyte recruitment occur at the site of injury?

Via chemotaxis Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of endothelial injury during an inflammatory response?

Increased transudation of fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process by which white blood cells engulf particles?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Acute Inflammation

A local response of tissue to injury caused by a variety of stimuli, including microbial, immunological, physical, and chemical agents
Can be both beneficial and detrimental to the body

Types of Inflammation

Acute: Quick response, short duration
Chronic: Long standing, persistent inflammation

Features of Acute vs. Chronic Inflammation

Onset: Acute is fast, Chronic is slow
Cellular Infiltrate: Acute is mainly neutrophils, Chronic is monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes
Tissue Injury: Acute is usually mild and self-limited, Chronic leads to fibrosis (scarring) and angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation)
Local and Systemic Factors: Prominent in acute inflammation
Cardinal Signs: Present in acute inflammation, not present in chronic inflammation
Presence of Stimulus: Long term exposure in chronic inflammation

Causes of Acute Inflammation

Infections: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
Tissue Necrosis: Physical or chemical injuries, heart attack, collection of dead tissue in a confined space
Trauma: Blunt and penetrating trauma, burns, frostbite, chemicals
Foreign Bodies: Splinters, sutures, bones, fingernails, popcorn kernels
Immune (Hypersensitivity Reactions): Triggered by environmental factors or autoimmune diseases

Five Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

Rubor (redness)
Calor (heat)
Tumor (swelling)
Dolor (pain)
Loss of function

Events in Acute Inflammation

Vascular Events

Vasodilation: Blood vessels dilate, leading to increased blood flow and redness.
Increased Vascular Permeability: Endothelial cells (lining of blood vessels) become more permeable, allowing fluid and cells to escape into the surrounding tissue.
Transudation: Fluid leaks out of the blood vessels into the extracellular space, leading to swelling.
Slowing of Microcirculation: Blood flow slows down, allowing white blood cells to adhere to the vessel wall.

Causes of Increased Vascular Permeability

Endothelial Cell Contraction: Contraction of endothelial cells opens up gaps between them.
Endothelial Injury: Direct injury to endothelial cells causes them to leak.
Leukocyte-Induced Injury: White blood cells can damage endothelial cells as they try to squeeze through them.
Increased Transcytosis: Endothelial cells can increase the transport of fluids across their membrane.
Leakage from New Blood Vessels: New blood vessels formed during inflammation are leaky.

Cellular Events

Leukocyte Recruitment (Chemotaxis): White blood cells are attracted to the site of injury by chemical messengers called chemokines.
Phagocytosis: White blood cells, particularly neutrophils and macrophages, engulf and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles.
Opsonization: The process where antigens (foreign substances) are coated by antibodies or complement proteins, making it easier for phagocytes to recognize and engulf them.

Phagocytosis

Neutrophils and macrophages are the primary phagocytic cells involved in inflammation.
Neutrophils are the first responders in acute inflammation.
Lysosomal Enzymes: White blood cells release various enzymes (protease, collagenase, elastase, lipase) that break down tissue and help fight infection.

Patterns of Inflammation

Serous: Leakage of fluid into body cavities or cancers (blister).
Fibrinous: Thick, sticky exudate, rich in fibrin (a protein involved in clotting)
Suppurative (Purulent): Pus, a thick fluid composed of dead cells, bacteria, and white blood cells.
Ulcerative: Break in the surface of epithelial tissue or lining, often associated with a chronic inflammatory process.

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Description

This quiz explores the differences between acute and chronic inflammation, including their features, causes, and effects on the body. Understand the cellular responses and the role of inflammation in tissue injury and healing processes. Test your knowledge of these critical concepts in pathology.