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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of inflammation in Alzheimer's disease?
What is the primary cause of inflammation in Alzheimer's disease?
- Protein deposits in the brain (correct)
- Atherosclerosis
- Beta cell destruction
- Infiltrating immune cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines
Which of the following diseases is characterized by gut inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease?
Which of the following diseases is characterized by gut inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease?
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Diabetes
- Cardiovascular disease
- Crohn's disease (correct)
What is the mechanism of immune cell evasion in cancer?
What is the mechanism of immune cell evasion in cancer?
- Destruction of synovial capsule and bone
- Recruitment of pro-inflammatory cells
- Release of anti-inflammatory mediators (correct)
- Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines
Which of the following is a side effect of Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDS)?
Which of the following is a side effect of Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDS)?
What is the primary mechanism of action of immunosuppressants in Rheumatoid Arthritis?
What is the primary mechanism of action of immunosuppressants in Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Inflammation due to protein deposits in the brain is a characteristic of Crohn’s Disease.
Inflammation due to protein deposits in the brain is a characteristic of Crohn’s Disease.
Disease modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDS) have a fast onset of action.
Disease modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDS) have a fast onset of action.
Immunosuppressants are not cytotoxic and do not cause kidney damage.
Immunosuppressants are not cytotoxic and do not cause kidney damage.
Cytokine modulators are orally active and inexpensive.
Cytokine modulators are orally active and inexpensive.
Type I Diabetes is not associated with an inflammatory origin.
Type I Diabetes is not associated with an inflammatory origin.
Rheumatoid Arthritis is characterized by the destruction of the synovial capsule and bone around the joint.
Rheumatoid Arthritis is characterized by the destruction of the synovial capsule and bone around the joint.
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Study Notes
Types of Chronic Inflammation
- Alzheimer's and neurodegeneration: Inflammation due to protein deposits in the brain
- Crohn's Disease: Gut inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease
- Diabetes: Type I = beta cell destruction + inflammatory origin
- Rheumatoid arthritis: Destruction of synovial capsule and bone around the joint
- Cardiovascular disease: Atherosclerosis – risk is increased by inflammation
- Cancer: Immune cell evasion; mask from T cells through release of anti-inflammatory mediators & recruit anti-inflammatory cells
Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Causes: Infiltrating immune cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, increase in osteoclast activity → bone resorption and increased macrophage activity
- Disease modifying Anti Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDS):
- Slow onset - months
- Examples: Gold compounds (e.g. sodium aurothiomalate), Penicillamine, Sulfasalazine
- Side effects: Rashes, gut upsets, bone marrow suppression
- Immunosuppressants:
- Azathioprine - cytotoxic
- Methotrexate - folate antagonist - cytotoxic
- Cyclosporin - ↓ lymphocyte proliferation - kidney damage
- Cytokine modulators:
- Biologicals mainly antibodies vs eg TNFα, IL-1 or immune cell receptors
- Very expensive, specialist use, not orally active
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