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Questions and Answers
What characterizes chronic diseases?
What characterizes chronic diseases?
Which of the following is NOT a common chronic disease mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a common chronic disease mentioned?
How has the percentage of persons with chronic diseases in Hong Kong changed from 2013 to 2020?
How has the percentage of persons with chronic diseases in Hong Kong changed from 2013 to 2020?
Why are chronic diseases considered preventable?
Why are chronic diseases considered preventable?
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What is a significant characteristic of chronic diseases regarding their management?
What is a significant characteristic of chronic diseases regarding their management?
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What was the prevalence rate of chronic diseases in Hong Kong's total population in 2020?
What was the prevalence rate of chronic diseases in Hong Kong's total population in 2020?
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Which of the following is considered a common modifiable risk factor for chronic diseases?
Which of the following is considered a common modifiable risk factor for chronic diseases?
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According to WHO recommendations, what is the daily intake of fruit and vegetables suggested to reduce the risk of chronic diseases?
According to WHO recommendations, what is the daily intake of fruit and vegetables suggested to reduce the risk of chronic diseases?
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What BMI range is considered to be classified as obesity?
What BMI range is considered to be classified as obesity?
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Which chronic disease is not directly associated with overweight and obesity as a risk factor?
Which chronic disease is not directly associated with overweight and obesity as a risk factor?
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What is one of the benefits of physical activity for older adults (65 years old and older)?
What is one of the benefits of physical activity for older adults (65 years old and older)?
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How many minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity should adults aged 18–64 aim for each week?
How many minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity should adults aged 18–64 aim for each week?
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Which of the following health issues can be reduced through physical activity in adults aged 18-64?
Which of the following health issues can be reduced through physical activity in adults aged 18-64?
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What is recommended for adults regarding muscle-strengthening activities?
What is recommended for adults regarding muscle-strengthening activities?
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What is a common outcome of physical inactivity across all age groups?
What is a common outcome of physical inactivity across all age groups?
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What lifestyle change can help reduce the risk of developing congestive heart failure (CHF)?
What lifestyle change can help reduce the risk of developing congestive heart failure (CHF)?
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Which symptom is most indicative of congestive heart failure?
Which symptom is most indicative of congestive heart failure?
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Which of the following is not a risk factor for hypertension?
Which of the following is not a risk factor for hypertension?
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What is an effective medical treatment for managing congestive heart failure?
What is an effective medical treatment for managing congestive heart failure?
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Which of the following conditions can worsen the pumping action of the heart?
Which of the following conditions can worsen the pumping action of the heart?
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What is a common response of the kidneys in congestive heart failure?
What is a common response of the kidneys in congestive heart failure?
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Which type of drug is commonly used to treat CHF by improving heart function?
Which type of drug is commonly used to treat CHF by improving heart function?
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What is a common misconception about the causes of congestive heart failure?
What is a common misconception about the causes of congestive heart failure?
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What is a primary consequence of smoking on cardiovascular health?
What is a primary consequence of smoking on cardiovascular health?
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Which of the following conditions is directly associated with hypertension?
Which of the following conditions is directly associated with hypertension?
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What does the mean arterial pressure (MAP) formula indicate?
What does the mean arterial pressure (MAP) formula indicate?
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Which of the following statements about smoking in Hong Kong is accurate?
Which of the following statements about smoking in Hong Kong is accurate?
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What is nicotine primarily known to cause?
What is nicotine primarily known to cause?
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What types of hypertension are identified?
What types of hypertension are identified?
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How does blood pressure generally change throughout the day?
How does blood pressure generally change throughout the day?
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Which organ is NOT mentioned as being harmed by smoking?
Which organ is NOT mentioned as being harmed by smoking?
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Study Notes
Clinical Sciences: Medical and Neurological Conditions Chronic Illness
- Presentation topic: Clinical Sciences: Medical and Neurological conditions Chronic Illness
- Presenter: Tony Wong, Assistant Professor of Practice, PolyU
Lecture Outline
- Chronic diseases in Hong Kong
- Risk factors of chronic diseases
- Common chronic diseases:
- Hypertension
- Diabetes mellitus
- Kidney disease
- Heart disease
Chronic Illness
- Definition: A permanent, non-reversible condition lasting at least 3 months.
- Characteristics:
- Uncertain etiology
- Originates at young and mid-ages
- Multiple risk factors (typically appear 20-30 years after birth)
- Slow progression with many prevention opportunities
- Preventable but often not preventable by vaccines or cured by medication
- Interferes with an individual's physical, psychological and social functioning
- Requires long-term and systematic treatment approach
HK Figures Statistic from 2020
- Persons with chronic diseases in Hong Kong, from 2013-2020:
- From 1,375,200 (2013) to 1,799,100 (2020)
- From 19.2% (2013) to 24.1% (2020) of the total population
- Living arrangements:
- 95.6% living in households
- 4.4% living in institutions
Persons with Chronic Diseases by Age
- Data presented in a table showing the number of persons with chronic diseases across different age groups and genders within the population of Hong Kong in 2020
- Young people are also susceptible to getting chronic diseases
Prevalence
- Prevalence rates of various chronic diseases in Hong Kong for 2013 and 2020, broken down by disease type, presented in charts.
- Hypertension, Diabetes, Hypercholesterolemia, Heart Disease are the prevalent types
Main Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors
- Table illustrating common modifiable risk factors, intermediate risk factors, and main chronic diseases associated with those factors for chronic diseases.
- Factors: Unhealthy diet, Physical inactivity, Smoking
- Example diseases: Heart disease, Stroke, Diabetes, Chronic respiratory diseases & Cancer
Healthy Eating Food Pyramid - Diet and Nutrition
- Include the five basic food groups (grains, fruits, vegetables, meat & fish, milk & milk products, etc.)
- Active in decreasing fat, salt, and sugar intake.
- WHO recommends a daily intake of at least 400 grams of fruit and vegetables.
Overweight and Obesity
- Unhealthy diet and inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption increase risks for cardiovascular diseases, stomach cancer, and colorectal cancer.
- Too much salt intake is correlated with blood pressure and cardiovascular disease
- WHO recommendation: <5g per person per day
- Too much fat intake is linked to heart disease. Higher unsaturated fatty acids from vegetable sources and polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce Type II DM risk.
- Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to classify overweight and obesity.
- Overweight: BMI ≥ 23 (for Asians)
- Obesity: BMI ≥ 30
Physical Inactivity
- Benefits of physical activity (for all ages ≥17 and adults 18-64 ):
- Reduces hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, breast and colon cancer & risks of depression, and hip or vertebral fractures
- Improves fitness and healthier BMI
- Benefits of physical activity (for older adults ≥65):
- Reduces risk of fall, functional and role limitations and improves cognitive function & bone and functional health
- WHO recommendations concerning physical activity (adults aged 18-64):
- At least 150-300 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity per week or 75-150 minutes of rigorous-intensity physical activity per week, or an equivalent combination
- Muscle-strengthening activities should be performed involving major muscle groups on 2 or more days a week with bouts of at least 10 minutes duration
Smoking
- Smoking is hazardous to health, causing a variety of problems throughout the body.
- Key organs affected by smoking include the brain, throat, heart, lung, pancreas, intestines and kidneys and can cause baby health problems.
Smoking prevalence in Hong Kong
- Recorded smoking rates in Hong Kong from 1982 through 2016
Atherosclerosis, Periodontal Disease, etc.
- Diagram illustrating the various negative health consequences related to smoking
- Includes specific diseases like cancer, reduced fertility, erectile dysfunction, etc.
Blood Pressure
- Blood pressure is the force of blood against the arteries.
- Blood pressure varies throughout the day based on activity level, stress, and emotion.
- Highest blood pressure usually occurs during activity, lowest blood pressure usually occurs during sleep.
- Determinants of blood pressure include factors like activity level and stress.
Hypertension
-
Major risk factor for chronic diseases (stroke, heart disease, renal disease)
-
Blood pressure varies and can be influenced by factors like activity levels, fluid status, and anxiety.
-
Causes:
- Essential Hypertension (no underlying cause)
- Secondary Hypertension (underlying cause) e.g., renal problems, medications, tumors or hormone imbalances
-
Risk factors for hypertension and high blood pressure:
- Obesity
- Stress/anxiety
- High alcohol consumption
- Salty diet
- Family history of high blood pressure
- Diabetes
- Smoking
- African American ethnicity
-
Blood pressure categories, based on systolic and diastolic values:
- Normal, Elevated, High Blood Pressure (Stage 1 & Stage 2), Hypertensive Crisis
Goal of Medical Management (BP Goals)
- Various associations and their recommendations regarding appropriate blood pressure limits (e.g., <130/80, <140/90, <130/80) for medical management of hypertension, focusing on preventing or managing complications.
Renal Disease
-
Kidney function: Maintain body's internal chemical balance (homeostasis) by regulating water content & electrolyte concentrations.
-
Kidneys clear metabolic waste (urea, uric acid, creatinine) and remove foreign chemicals (drugs, pesticides, etc.).
-
Causes of renal failure:
- Damage to kidney arteries (e.g., diabetes, high blood pressure)
- Damage to nephrons, essential for proper oxygen & nutrient supply
-
Investigation and diagnosis:
- Blood tests (Creatinine, BUN, GFR)
- Urine tests (Microalbuminuria/Urine Protein)
- Imaging tests (Ultrasound, CT scan, kidney biopsy)
-
Stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD): based on GFR levels
-
Treatment (for End-stage renal failure):
- Medication (anti-hypertensive, phosphorus-lowering, anemia medications, vitamin D)
- Peritoneal or Hemodialysis
- Kidney transplant.
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
- Major types include coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI) and congestive heart failure (CHF).
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
- Prevalence: 5-10% in people aged 65 and above
- Mechanism: Heart's pumping power becomes impaired & unable to provide sufficient blood flow to meet the body's needs. Pressure increases, causing heart stretching and potentially thickening of the heart muscle walls. Kidneys respond to fluid retention.
- Symptoms: Includes lung congestion (shortness of breath, worse when lying down), dry cough, small nocturnal swelling (legs/ankles/feet), and significant weight gain.
Risk factors of CHF:
- Coronary heart disease
- Hypertension
- Valvular heart disease
- Pulmonary emboli
- Severe anaemia
Treatment of CHF:
- Lifestyle changes (e.g., reduced salt intake, cessation of smoking).
- Medications (e.g., diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors).
- Treatment of underlying conditions like coronary heart disease
Other Cardiology Terminologies
- Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
- STEMI and NSTEMI
- Atrial fibrillation
- Ventricular fibrillation
- Echocardiogram
- Ejection fraction
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- A graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart over time. Various waves and intervals are identified
- ECG of normal sinus rhythm
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
- Diagnosis: Includes ECG, blood tests (looking for cardiac markers like creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and high-sensitivity troponin I (hsTn1)), and cardiac catheterization/angiogram.
- Treatment: Thrombolytic agent, Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG).
- Modes of onset: Acute and insidious (angina pectoris, characterized by squeezing pain in the chest).
Angina Pectoris
- Causes: Temporary insufficient blood flow or significant reduction in blood flow to the heart caused by the coronary arteries.
- Symptoms: Typically squeezing pain in the chest that may radiate to other body parts, such as the jaw, arms, or back. Pain may last for one to several minutes.
- Types: Stable or chronic stable angina, unstable angina
- Diagnosis: Requires medical evaluation, which typically includes symptom assessment, and may involve diagnostics like ECG or cardiac catheterization (angiogram)
- Treatment: Nitroglycerin (nitro, NTG), Angioplasty (PCI)
PCI: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
- Diagnostic and interventional procedures involving insertion of a catheter and balloon into an artery to open up a constricted vessel.
Cardiac Arrest
- Caused by malfunction of the heart's electrical system, resulting in sudden cessation of heart function.
- Ventricular fibrillation is one of the most common types of cardiac arrhythmias causing cardiac arrest.
- Treatment: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation.
Resources
- Local Hong Kong resources for information regarding smart patients and the hospital authority.
- URLs for specific resources.
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Description
Explore the key characteristics and statistics of chronic diseases in this quiz. Test your knowledge on the modifiable risk factors, prevalence, and recommendations for managing chronic illnesses. Understand the importance of lifestyle choices in preventing chronic diseases.
