Chronic Conditions and Cancer Overview
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Which demographic has the highest rate of undiagnosed HIV in Canada?

  • Heterosexual men
  • IV drug users
  • Indigenous persons
  • Men who have sex with men (correct)

    • What psychological challenge is commonly associated with living with HIV/AIDS?

  • Increased social acceptance
  • Anxiety about uncertain future (correct)
  • Improved self-esteem
  • Decreased physical pain

    • What is an important aspect of antiretroviral treatment (ART) for HIV/AIDS?

  • It has no side effects.
  • It is effective only in the final stage of AIDS.
  • It guarantees a complete cure for HIV.
  • It significantly increases life expectancy. (correct)

    • In what way does male-to-female transmission of HIV compare to female-to-male transmission?

    <p>It is much more likely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common impact of treatment on individuals with HIV/AIDS?

    <p>Increased isolation from social circles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects the trade-off concerning quality of life in HIV/AIDS treatment?

    <p>Treatment alleviating medical symptoms may impact other quality of life areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) regarding HIV?

    <p>It is taken to reduce the risk of acquiring HIV.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to higher rates of depression in individuals living with HIV/AIDS?

    <p>Stigma and feelings of isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group therapy component has been noted as effective for individuals coping with HIV/AIDS?

    <p>Cognitive focus to address irrational beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do chronic conditions typically involve?

    <p>Conditions that do not improve or go away</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of oncology?

    <p>The study and treatment of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cancer metastasize?

    <p>By spreading through blood or lymphatic systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about cancer's economic burden is true?

    <p>Out-of-pocket costs for cancer treatments can be substantial for patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotional reaction typically follows denial when faced with severe trauma?

    <p>Anger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of stigma related to cancer?

    <p>It may lead to a reluctance to disclose diagnosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is phenomenologically defined in the context of a patient's experience?

    <p>A person's own report on their feelings and experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer accounts for 25% of cancer cases in women?

    <p>Breast cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about cancer survival is accurate?

    <p>Some survivors reflect positively on their priorities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the psychological response to the loss of a loved one?

    <p>Grief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common coping strategy involves refusing to acknowledge the seriousness of a situation?

    <p>Denial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change has occurred in the public perception of cancer stigma?

    <p>Media coverage has decreased stigma in some cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common psychological response to a cancer diagnosis?

    <p>Complete denial about the situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do death doulas provide to those who are dying?

    <p>They offer care traditionally provided by family members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common emotional state that can occur when a patient gives up hope?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the leading causes of death worldwide as of 2020?

    <p>Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the six R's of mourning commonly associated with?

    <p>Therapeutic interventions for grief management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might a father prioritize over his own feelings about a surgery decision?

    <p>Attending his daughter's wedding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of chemotherapy and radiation therapy?

    <p>Increased risk of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin not being produced?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological issues are most prevalent among people with diabetes?

    <p>Fear and depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a navigator typically play in cancer treatment?

    <p>Helps patients find their way through the healthcare system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of psychotherapy for patients with cancer?

    <p>Adopting a problem-focused approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is anticipatory nausea?

    <p>Nausea that occurs before chemotherapy treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group often receives more psychological distress in diabetes management?

    <p>Adults managing Type I diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does physical activity affect fatigue from cancer treatments?

    <p>It is more effective than medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often a contributing factor to decreased self-efficacy in diabetes management?

    <p>Low blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant benefit of support groups for cancer patients?

    <p>Facilitates shared knowledge and empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What terminology describes the coping mechanism of monitoring the experiences of others?

    <p>Social comparison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is common for Type II diabetes management?

    <p>Insulin management and lifestyle changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer patient might benefit significantly from support groups?

    <p>Patients undergoing intense chemotherapy for prostate cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can contribute to depression in individuals with diabetes?

    <p>Poor management of blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cancer pain can be controlled by current treatments?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary reason for the underuse of pain management treatments?

    <p>Issues related to healthcare practitioners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common psychological distress experienced by cancer patients, characterized by a sense of hopelessness?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does emotion-focused coping help patients with cancer?

    <p>It reduces the emotional impact of the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is linked to poorer coping in anxious cancer patients?

    <p>Intrusive thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is specifically known for its potential to cause side effects such as hair loss?

    <p>Chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of coping strategy tends to involve avoidance of thoughts related to the stressor?

    <p>Emotion-focused coping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an unintended effect related to those undergoing hormone therapy for prostate cancer?

    <p>Breast enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way is depression associated with cancer according to the content?

    <p>Higher rates of reported pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a concern that leads patients to avoid reporting mild or moderate pain?

    <p>Belief that they should endure pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological state is positively correlated between cancer patients and their family caregivers?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by inadequate pain management despite its efficacy?

    <p>Under-treatment of cancer pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of coping includes both avoidance and approach-oriented strategies?

    <p>Emotion-focused coping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapy is often used in conjunction with other forms of cancer treatment?

    <p>Chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary effects of psychological distress on disease management regimens?

    <p>It decreases cooperation with the treatment regimen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy is specifically mentioned as a way to reduce depression in diabetics?

    <p>Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage decline has Canada experienced in cardiovascular deaths over the last decade?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What procedure involves grafting healthy arteries from other parts of the body to treat coronary artery disease?

    <p>Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does psychological distress contribute to cardiac invalidism?

    <p>Causes anxiety about future attacks leading to limited activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly increases the risk of post-MI depression, especially among women?

    <p>Gender and age over 65</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable benefit of rehabilitation programs for individuals after a myocardial infarction?

    <p>Holistic approaches improve all aspects of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between anger and coronary heart disease?

    <p>Intense anger can trigger fatal heart attacks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common issue faced by individuals suffering from depression in relation to exercise?

    <p>They believe exercising is unnecessary due to mood fluctuations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT associated with the risk of developing HIV?

    <p>Individuals are less contagious during the acute phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What noticeable change occurred in the rate of new HIV cases between 2014 and 2018?

    <p>Increased by more than 25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typical during the acute infection stage of HIV?

    <p>Intense muscle pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in cardiac patients?

    <p>Treat symptoms of depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chronic Conditions and Life-Threatening Illnesses

    • Chronic conditions are conditions that do not go away or improve.
    • Acute illnesses have a defined beginning and end.
    • Health psychology plays a crucial role in understanding chronic conditions like cancer and cardiovascular disease that present emotional distress.

    Cancer

    • Cancer is not a single disease but many different forms, with each type unique to the patient.
    • Oncology is the study and treatment of cancer.
    • Cancer involves the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells, often forming tumors.
    • These abnormal cells spread from the original site to other parts of the body. This is called metastasis.
    • Early detection significantly reduces the likelihood of cancer metastasis.
    • Common cancers worldwide and in Canada include lung, breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer.
    • Cancer was the leading cause of death worldwide and in Canada in 2020.
    • In Canada, cancer accounts for 30% of all deaths.
    • In 2020, about 617 Canadians were diagnosed with cancer, and 228 died daily from cancer.

    Illness Burden for Cancer

    • Cancer diagnosis can trigger a sense of being sentenced to death.
    • Patients face aggressive treatments with significant side effects.
    • There is a stigma associated with cancer, often blaming victims.

    Cancer and Physical Distress

    • Pain management is a major challenge in cancer treatment, although most pain can be controlled.
    • Patient behavior and attitude significantly influence pain management.

    Cancer and Psychological Distress

    • Depression and anxiety are common in cancer patients due to negative consequences like a poor quality of life and reduced adherence to treatment.
    • Long hospital stays and higher mortality rates are also associated with depression.
    • Intrusive thoughts are a prominent feature of cancer-related depression.
    • Cancer-related depression is linked to poorer coping mechanisms due to anxiety, hopelessness, and helplessness.
    • Coping mechanisms vary by individual, impacting psychological responses to cancer.

    Psychological Response and Coping Style

    • Emotion-focused coping aims to reduce the emotional burden of the disease without directly addressing the cause.
    • Avoidance-oriented coping strategies seek to avoid or prevent thinking about distressing stressors.

    Treatment of Cancer

    • Cancer treatment typically involves surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.
    • The goal is to remove or destroy the tumors, or to stop the spread of cancer.

    Helping People Cope: Social Support

    • Family and friends play crucial roles in supporting cancer patients.

    HIV and AIDS

    • HIV gradually breaks down the immune system, leading to AIDS.
    • AIDS makes those susceptible to various infections.
    • The rate of new HIV cases increased significantly between 2014 and 2018.
    • Progression of HIV infection takes several stages, with differing symptom onset and periods where individuals may not be aware of their infection.

    Diabetes

    • Diabetes occurs from the pancreas producing too little insulin needed to use sugar for energy.
    • Type 1 diabetes is often characterized by a lack of insulin production.
    • Type 2 diabetes is related to insufficient insulin production or use.
    • Diabetes management commonly involves insulin injections, a controlled diet, and blood sugar monitoring.
    • Fear and depression are frequent psychological factors for people with diabetes, due to potential long-term health implications.
    • Depression, in turn, can impact effective diabetes management.

    Coping with Diabetes

    • Interrelated goals of diabetic education programs include cooperation with the disease management regimen and alleviating psychological distress.
    • Support for diabetics can include cognitive behavioral therapy and support groups.

    Cardiovascular Diseases

    • In Canada, cardiovascular deaths have decreased.
    • Heart attack refers to myocardial infarction.
    • Coronary artery bypass grafting is a type of surgery.
    • Angiogram is a procedure used to treat coronary heart disease.
    • Psychological stress can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

    Coping with Cardiovascular Diseases

    • Health psychologists focus on interventions such as support groups, rehabilitation programs, and psychotherapy.

    HIV/AIDS and Psychological Distress

    • There is a social stigma associated with HIV/AIDS that impacts self-esteem and quality of life.
    • The lack of cure and uncertain future contributes to anxiety.
    • Depression rates are higher amongst people with HIV/AIDS.

    Quality of Life

    • Quality of life is impacted by physical, social, cognitive, and emotional functioning
    • Treatment often has trade-offs between the duration of life and quality of life that need to be recognized.

    Death and Dying

    • Patients may experience a variety of emotional reactions as they confront their mortality.
    • Coping mechanisms include denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance.
    • Bereavement and grief are common reactions to loss.

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    Chapter 7 Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses PDF

    Description

    Explore the critical aspects of chronic conditions and life-threatening illnesses, focusing on cancer. Understand the role of health psychology in managing emotional distress and the importance of early detection in cancer treatment. Delve into the definitions, types of cancer, and statistics relevant to its impact on health.

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