Chronic Conditions and Cancer Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which demographic has the highest rate of undiagnosed HIV in Canada?

  • Heterosexual men
  • IV drug users
  • Indigenous persons
  • Men who have sex with men (correct)

What psychological challenge is commonly associated with living with HIV/AIDS?

  • Increased social acceptance
  • Anxiety about uncertain future (correct)
  • Improved self-esteem
  • Decreased physical pain

What is an important aspect of antiretroviral treatment (ART) for HIV/AIDS?

  • It has no side effects.
  • It is effective only in the final stage of AIDS.
  • It guarantees a complete cure for HIV.
  • It significantly increases life expectancy. (correct)

In what way does male-to-female transmission of HIV compare to female-to-male transmission?

<p>It is much more likely. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common impact of treatment on individuals with HIV/AIDS?

<p>Increased isolation from social circles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the trade-off concerning quality of life in HIV/AIDS treatment?

<p>Treatment alleviating medical symptoms may impact other quality of life areas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique feature of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) regarding HIV?

<p>It is taken to reduce the risk of acquiring HIV. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to higher rates of depression in individuals living with HIV/AIDS?

<p>Stigma and feelings of isolation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group therapy component has been noted as effective for individuals coping with HIV/AIDS?

<p>Cognitive focus to address irrational beliefs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do chronic conditions typically involve?

<p>Conditions that do not improve or go away (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of oncology?

<p>The study and treatment of cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cancer metastasize?

<p>By spreading through blood or lymphatic systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cancer's economic burden is true?

<p>Out-of-pocket costs for cancer treatments can be substantial for patients. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which emotional reaction typically follows denial when faced with severe trauma?

<p>Anger (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of stigma related to cancer?

<p>It may lead to a reluctance to disclose diagnosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phenomenologically defined in the context of a patient's experience?

<p>A person's own report on their feelings and experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer accounts for 25% of cancer cases in women?

<p>Breast cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cancer survival is accurate?

<p>Some survivors reflect positively on their priorities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the psychological response to the loss of a loved one?

<p>Grief (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common coping strategy involves refusing to acknowledge the seriousness of a situation?

<p>Denial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change has occurred in the public perception of cancer stigma?

<p>Media coverage has decreased stigma in some cases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common psychological response to a cancer diagnosis?

<p>Complete denial about the situation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do death doulas provide to those who are dying?

<p>They offer care traditionally provided by family members. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common emotional state that can occur when a patient gives up hope?

<p>Depression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the leading causes of death worldwide as of 2020?

<p>Cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the six R's of mourning commonly associated with?

<p>Therapeutic interventions for grief management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might a father prioritize over his own feelings about a surgery decision?

<p>Attending his daughter's wedding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of chemotherapy and radiation therapy?

<p>Increased risk of infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin not being produced?

<p>Type I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological issues are most prevalent among people with diabetes?

<p>Fear and depression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a navigator typically play in cancer treatment?

<p>Helps patients find their way through the healthcare system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of psychotherapy for patients with cancer?

<p>Adopting a problem-focused approach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is anticipatory nausea?

<p>Nausea that occurs before chemotherapy treatments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group often receives more psychological distress in diabetes management?

<p>Adults managing Type I diabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does physical activity affect fatigue from cancer treatments?

<p>It is more effective than medications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often a contributing factor to decreased self-efficacy in diabetes management?

<p>Low blood sugar levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant benefit of support groups for cancer patients?

<p>Facilitates shared knowledge and empathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What terminology describes the coping mechanism of monitoring the experiences of others?

<p>Social comparison (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is common for Type II diabetes management?

<p>Insulin management and lifestyle changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer patient might benefit significantly from support groups?

<p>Patients undergoing intense chemotherapy for prostate cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can contribute to depression in individuals with diabetes?

<p>Poor management of blood glucose levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cancer pain can be controlled by current treatments?

<p>90% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary reason for the underuse of pain management treatments?

<p>Issues related to healthcare practitioners (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common psychological distress experienced by cancer patients, characterized by a sense of hopelessness?

<p>Depression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does emotion-focused coping help patients with cancer?

<p>It reduces the emotional impact of the disease. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is linked to poorer coping in anxious cancer patients?

<p>Intrusive thoughts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is specifically known for its potential to cause side effects such as hair loss?

<p>Chemotherapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of coping strategy tends to involve avoidance of thoughts related to the stressor?

<p>Emotion-focused coping (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an unintended effect related to those undergoing hormone therapy for prostate cancer?

<p>Breast enlargement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way is depression associated with cancer according to the content?

<p>Higher rates of reported pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a concern that leads patients to avoid reporting mild or moderate pain?

<p>Belief that they should endure pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological state is positively correlated between cancer patients and their family caregivers?

<p>Depression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by inadequate pain management despite its efficacy?

<p>Under-treatment of cancer pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of coping includes both avoidance and approach-oriented strategies?

<p>Emotion-focused coping (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of therapy is often used in conjunction with other forms of cancer treatment?

<p>Chemotherapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary effects of psychological distress on disease management regimens?

<p>It decreases cooperation with the treatment regimen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy is specifically mentioned as a way to reduce depression in diabetics?

<p>Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage decline has Canada experienced in cardiovascular deaths over the last decade?

<p>40% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What procedure involves grafting healthy arteries from other parts of the body to treat coronary artery disease?

<p>Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does psychological distress contribute to cardiac invalidism?

<p>Causes anxiety about future attacks leading to limited activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly increases the risk of post-MI depression, especially among women?

<p>Gender and age over 65 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable benefit of rehabilitation programs for individuals after a myocardial infarction?

<p>Holistic approaches improve all aspects of life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between anger and coronary heart disease?

<p>Intense anger can trigger fatal heart attacks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue faced by individuals suffering from depression in relation to exercise?

<p>They believe exercising is unnecessary due to mood fluctuations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT associated with the risk of developing HIV?

<p>Individuals are less contagious during the acute phase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What noticeable change occurred in the rate of new HIV cases between 2014 and 2018?

<p>Increased by more than 25% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typical during the acute infection stage of HIV?

<p>Intense muscle pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in cardiac patients?

<p>Treat symptoms of depression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Chronic Condition

A health problem that lasts a long time and doesn't go away.

Acute Illness

A health problem that has a clear start and end, like a cold or flu.

Cancer

A group of diseases where cells grow abnormally and spread.

Oncology

The study and treatment of cancer.

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Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another.

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Tumor

A mass of abnormal cells that can be malignant (cancerous) or benign (non-cancerous).

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Cancer Diagnosis Impact

A cancer diagnosis can involve denial, emotional distress, and coping with treatment.

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Economic Burden of Cancer

The financial costs associated with cancer, including medical expenses and lost productivity.

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Cancer Stigma

Negative attitudes or beliefs about cancer, sometimes leading to blame or discrimination.

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Cancer Prevention (implied)

Measures taken to reduce cancer risk.

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Cancer Physical Distress

Fatigue, pain, and side effects (e.g., chemotherapy) related to cancer and its treatment; a significant burden of cancer (60%).

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Pain Management Challenges

Pain is often undertreated due to system, practitioner, and patient/family issues in cancer care.

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Cancer Pain Control

Over 90% of cancer pain is manageable with current treatments, but often underutilized.

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Psychological Distress

Common feelings like fear, depression, and intrusive thoughts experienced by cancer patients and their families.

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Cancer-Related Depression

Depression rates are significantly higher in cancer patients, impacting quality of life and treatment adherence.

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Coping Styles

Strategies used to manage stress and emotional responses related to cancer.

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Emotion-Focused Coping

A coping strategy that aims to reduce the emotional effects of cancer without directly addressing the disease.

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Problem-Focused Coping

A coping style that actively addresses stressors through actions, like seeking information or being adherent to treatments.

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Emotion-Approach Coping

Coping by acknowledging and effectively dealing with the emotional responses related to the disease.

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Surgery in Cancer Treatment

Removal of cancerous tumors or tissue, potentially impacting appearance and autonomy.

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Radiation Therapy

Shrinking or destroying tumors using radiation; potential side effects due to damage to surrounding cells.

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Chemotherapy

Treatment targeting spread or prevention of cancer; causes side effects due to unavoidable harm to healthy cells.

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Hormone Therapy

Treatment reducing tumour-stimulating hormones, used for certain cancers.

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Fatigue in Cancer

A common symptom in cancer treatment, lasting even after treatment ends, impacting physical and psychological well-being.

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Coping with Disfigurement

Psychological consequences of physical changes to appearance caused by cancer surgical treatment.

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Antiemetic Medications

Medications used to lessen nausea and vomiting, often a side effect of cancer treatments; sometimes having side effects like hiccups.

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Cancer surgery impact

Some cancer treatments, like head and neck surgery, can change facial appearance.

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Colorectal cancer prevalence

Colorectal cancer is among the most common cancers in Canada.

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Surgery decisions & age

Surgery decisions are often easier for younger patients due to their remaining lifespan.

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Chemo/radiation side effects

Chemotherapy and radiation can damage healthy cells, leading to side effects.

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Fatigue treatment

Physical activity is often more effective than medication for treating cancer-related fatigue.

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Social support

Social support, such as companionship and practical help, is vital for cancer patients, potentially improving survival.

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Family-oriented care

Cancer treatment often affects the entire family, making them participants in the care process.

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Help-intended communication

Trying to help someone by being aware of their valid concerns and helping them cope effectively.

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Support groups & empathy

Support groups offer empathy and shared experience, valuable for cancer patients.

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Online support groups vs. other groups

Online support groups may be associated with higher depression scores in comparison with other support groups.

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Posttraumatic growth

Some cancer survivors experience positive outcomes (e.g., in psychology or lifestyle) as a result of their cancer experience.

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Diabetes prevalence

Diabetes affects about 5% of Canadians and is increasing.

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Type 1 Diabetes Characteristics

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by little to no insulin production, often requiring self-administered insulin injections.

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Type 2 Diabetes Characteristics

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insufficient insulin production or use, often linked with obesity and older age.

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Diabetes & Psychological Distress

Diabetes can lead to fear, depression, and decreased self-efficacy as a result of its long-term implications.

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HIV/AIDS Clinical Latency

A period of years or decades after HIV infection when symptoms are mild or absent, but the virus is still active.

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Opportunistic Cancers

Cancers that exploit a weakened immune system, like in severe HIV/AIDS.

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HIV Transmission Routes

Methods of spreading HIV, including sexual contact (semen/blood exchange), injection drug use (shared needles), blood transfusions, and mother-to-child transmission.

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High-Risk HIV Populations

Groups disproportionately affected by HIV, including men who have sex with men, injection drug users, Indigenous peoples, and heterosexuals.

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HIV Psychological Impact

Significant psychological distress, like guilt, stigma, social rejection, and anxiety, associated with living with HIV/AIDS.

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Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)

Treatment for HIV/AIDS prolonging life expectancy, but with potential side effects like bone density loss and organ damage.

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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

A preventive HIV treatment taken to reduce HIV risk; however, not a guaranteed prevention.

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HIV Coping Challenges

Difficulties in coping with HIV/AIDS, including lack of social support due to stigma, and potential negative impacts of some medications.

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Quality of Life (HIV)

The impact of HIV symptoms and treatment on physical, social, cognitive, and emotional well-being.

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Treatment Trade-offs

Balancing the duration of life and the quality of life when making treatment decisions.

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Psychological Distress in Disease Management

Psychological distress negatively impacts adherence to disease management regimens, making it crucial to address these issues for better treatment outcomes.

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A type of therapy that helps people identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to depression and poor glycemic control in diabetics.

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Cardiovascular Deaths in Canada

Cardiovascular deaths have decreased by 40% in Canada over a 10-year period, yet still occur frequently.

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Myocardial Infarction (MI)

A heart attack, caused by a lack of blood flow to the heart muscle.

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Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

Surgery that creates new pathways for blood flow in the coronary arteries to bypass blocked areas.

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Angioplasty

A procedure that expands blocked coronary arteries by using a balloon-like device to improve blood flow.

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Myocardial Ischemia

Lack of blood flow to the heart muscle, often treated with CABG or angioplasty.

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Cardiac Invalidism

Anxiety surrounding a possible heart attack leading to avoidance of necessary activities, hence impacting an individual's quality of life negatively.

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Depression and CVD

Depression significantly increases the risk of future cardiovascular problems, and is more prevalent in women and older adults.

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HIV Progression

HIV gradually weakens the immune system, leading to AIDS. It progresses through stages, with an acute period of high contagiousness.

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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A serious condition caused by the HIV virus, compromising the immune system and making the body susceptible to other infections.

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HIV and Social Network Support

Support from social networks is vital for individuals with HIV or AIDS, as it can improve psychological well-being and help manage the disease.

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Rehabilitation Programs for CVD

Holistic programs to improve physical health and mental well-being, and also reduce mortality after a heart attack.

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Cognitive Reappraisal

Therapy that helps people change how they think about stressful situations to manage anger and anxiety, potentially reducing cardiovascular risks.

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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Antidepressants that can be used to treat depression and reduce risky behaviors in patients with cardiovascular disease

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Quality of Life Decisions

Decisions about a patient's life based on their personal experience and values, rather than a physician or third party's judgment.

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Denial (Coping)

A coping mechanism where individuals refuse to acknowledge the seriousness of a situation or negative emotions.

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Anger (Coping)

A reaction to denial or frustration at a difficult and undesirable situation, often toward others or systems.

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Bargaining (Coping)

Attempting to seek a compromise or buy more time during facing a significant challenge, often seeking a deal with oneself or a higher power.

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Depression (Coping)

Characterized by feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, and resignation, sometimes leading to a hastened death.

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Acceptance (Coping)

Peace with a situation, and understanding of the reality at the moment of death.

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Bereavement

The emotions and feelings experienced following the loss of a loved one.

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Grief

The psychological response and experience of sadness associated with bereavement.

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Study Notes

Chronic Conditions and Life-Threatening Illnesses

  • Chronic conditions are conditions that do not go away or improve.
  • Acute illnesses have a defined beginning and end.
  • Health psychology plays a crucial role in understanding chronic conditions like cancer and cardiovascular disease that present emotional distress.

Cancer

  • Cancer is not a single disease but many different forms, with each type unique to the patient.
  • Oncology is the study and treatment of cancer.
  • Cancer involves the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells, often forming tumors.
  • These abnormal cells spread from the original site to other parts of the body. This is called metastasis.
  • Early detection significantly reduces the likelihood of cancer metastasis.
  • Common cancers worldwide and in Canada include lung, breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer.
  • Cancer was the leading cause of death worldwide and in Canada in 2020.
  • In Canada, cancer accounts for 30% of all deaths.
  • In 2020, about 617 Canadians were diagnosed with cancer, and 228 died daily from cancer.

Illness Burden for Cancer

  • Cancer diagnosis can trigger a sense of being sentenced to death.
  • Patients face aggressive treatments with significant side effects.
  • There is a stigma associated with cancer, often blaming victims.

Cancer and Physical Distress

  • Pain management is a major challenge in cancer treatment, although most pain can be controlled.
  • Patient behavior and attitude significantly influence pain management.

Cancer and Psychological Distress

  • Depression and anxiety are common in cancer patients due to negative consequences like a poor quality of life and reduced adherence to treatment.
  • Long hospital stays and higher mortality rates are also associated with depression.
  • Intrusive thoughts are a prominent feature of cancer-related depression.
  • Cancer-related depression is linked to poorer coping mechanisms due to anxiety, hopelessness, and helplessness.
  • Coping mechanisms vary by individual, impacting psychological responses to cancer.

Psychological Response and Coping Style

  • Emotion-focused coping aims to reduce the emotional burden of the disease without directly addressing the cause.
  • Avoidance-oriented coping strategies seek to avoid or prevent thinking about distressing stressors.

Treatment of Cancer

  • Cancer treatment typically involves surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.
  • The goal is to remove or destroy the tumors, or to stop the spread of cancer.

Helping People Cope: Social Support

  • Family and friends play crucial roles in supporting cancer patients.

HIV and AIDS

  • HIV gradually breaks down the immune system, leading to AIDS.
  • AIDS makes those susceptible to various infections.
  • The rate of new HIV cases increased significantly between 2014 and 2018.
  • Progression of HIV infection takes several stages, with differing symptom onset and periods where individuals may not be aware of their infection.

Diabetes

  • Diabetes occurs from the pancreas producing too little insulin needed to use sugar for energy.
  • Type 1 diabetes is often characterized by a lack of insulin production.
  • Type 2 diabetes is related to insufficient insulin production or use.
  • Diabetes management commonly involves insulin injections, a controlled diet, and blood sugar monitoring.
  • Fear and depression are frequent psychological factors for people with diabetes, due to potential long-term health implications.
  • Depression, in turn, can impact effective diabetes management.

Coping with Diabetes

  • Interrelated goals of diabetic education programs include cooperation with the disease management regimen and alleviating psychological distress.
  • Support for diabetics can include cognitive behavioral therapy and support groups.

Cardiovascular Diseases

  • In Canada, cardiovascular deaths have decreased.
  • Heart attack refers to myocardial infarction.
  • Coronary artery bypass grafting is a type of surgery.
  • Angiogram is a procedure used to treat coronary heart disease.
  • Psychological stress can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Coping with Cardiovascular Diseases

  • Health psychologists focus on interventions such as support groups, rehabilitation programs, and psychotherapy.

HIV/AIDS and Psychological Distress

  • There is a social stigma associated with HIV/AIDS that impacts self-esteem and quality of life.
  • The lack of cure and uncertain future contributes to anxiety.
  • Depression rates are higher amongst people with HIV/AIDS.

Quality of Life

  • Quality of life is impacted by physical, social, cognitive, and emotional functioning
  • Treatment often has trade-offs between the duration of life and quality of life that need to be recognized.

Death and Dying

  • Patients may experience a variety of emotional reactions as they confront their mortality.
  • Coping mechanisms include denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance.
  • Bereavement and grief are common reactions to loss.

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Chapter 7 Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses PDF

Description

Explore the critical aspects of chronic conditions and life-threatening illnesses, focusing on cancer. Understand the role of health psychology in managing emotional distress and the importance of early detection in cancer treatment. Delve into the definitions, types of cancer, and statistics relevant to its impact on health.

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