42 Questions
Which process maintains a constant number of chromosomes from generation to generation?
Meiosis
What is the consequence of independent assortment during meiosis?
Formation of non-identical gametes
Which type of chromosomes have the centromere closer to one end, creating a longer arm and a shorter arm?
Acrocentric chromosomes
What is the technique most widely used in clinical cytogenetics laboratories for banding chromosomes?
G-banding
During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?
Prophase I
What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?
Increase in genetic diversity
Which technique is used to identify chromosomes based on their size, centromere position, and banding pattern?
Karyotyping
Which type of chromosomes are numbered from largest to smallest?
Acrocentric chromosomes
What is the total number of chromosomes in a normal male karyotype?
46, XY
What is the role of mitosis in somatic cells?
Growth and repair
What is the main function of mitosis in somatic cells?
Growth and repair of tissues
What is the term for the specific location of a gene on a chromosome?
Locus
In which cellular condition is each chromosome type represented by only one chromosome?
Haploid (n)
What is the region of the chromosome where microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis?
Centromere
What is the total hereditary endowment of DNA of a cell or organism called?
Genome
What is the term for the cellular condition where each chromosome type is represented by two homologous chromosomes?
Diploid (2n)
Which type of chromosomes have the centromere closer to one end, creating a longer arm and a shorter arm?
Sex chromosomes
What is the basic unit of heredity that codes for a specific trait?
Gene
Which type of cells are all body cells except reproductive cells?
Somatic cells
What is one of two duplicated chromosomes connected at the centromere called?
Chromatid
In which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?
Prophase I
What is a chromosome of the same size and shape that carries the same type of genes known as?
Homologous chromosome
What are reproductive cells, i.e. sperm and eggs, called?
Gametes
What is the term for the specific location of a gene on a chromosome?
Locus
During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?
Prophase I
What is one of two duplicated chromosomes connected at the centromere called?
Sister chromatid
What is the technique most widely used in clinical cytogenetics laboratories for banding chromosomes?
G-banding
What is the region of the chromosome where microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis?
Kinetochore
What is the term for the cellular condition where each chromosome type is represented by two homologous chromosomes?
Diploid
What is the total number of chromosomes in a normal male karyotype?
46
What is the role of mitosis in somatic cells?
Producing two identical daughter cells
Which type of cells are all body cells except reproductive cells?
Somatic cells
What is the term for the cellular condition where each chromosome type is represented by two homologous chromosomes?
Diploid (2n)
What process maintains a constant number of chromosomes from generation to generation?
Mitosis
What is the total number of chromosomes in a normal male karyotype?
46
What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?
It increases genetic diversity
During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?
Prophase I
What is the main function of mitosis in somatic cells?
To repair damaged tissues
Which type of chromosomes have the centromere closer to one end, creating a longer arm and a shorter arm?
Acrocentric chromosomes
What is the technique most widely used in clinical cytogenetics laboratories for banding chromosomes?
Karyotyping
What is the role of mitosis in somatic cells?
To maintain chromosome number
What is a chromosome of the same size and shape that carries the same type of genes known as?
Homologous chromosome
Study Notes
Meiosis and Chromosomes
- Meiosis is the process that maintains a constant number of chromosomes from generation to generation.
- Independent assortment during meiosis results in a unique combination of chromosomes in each gamete.
- Acrocentric chromosomes have the centromere closer to one end, creating a longer arm and a shorter arm.
- The technique most widely used in clinical cytogenetics laboratories for banding chromosomes is G-banding.
Crossing Over
- Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis.
- The significance of crossing over during meiosis is that it increases genetic diversity by shuffling genes between homologous chromosomes.
Karyotype
- A normal male karyotype has a total of 46 chromosomes.
- Chromosomes are numbered from largest to smallest.
Mitosis
- The role of mitosis in somatic cells is to produce two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
- The main function of mitosis in somatic cells is to allow for growth and repair.
Genetics
- The term for the specific location of a gene on a chromosome is locus.
- Somatic cells are all body cells except reproductive cells.
- Reproductive cells, i.e. sperm and eggs, are called gametes.
- A gene is the basic unit of heredity that codes for a specific trait.
Chromosome Structure
- The region of the chromosome where microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis is the centromere.
- The term for the total hereditary endowment of DNA of a cell or organism is genome.
- A chromosome of the same size and shape that carries the same type of genes is known as a homolog.
- One of two duplicated chromosomes connected at the centromere is called a sister chromatid.
Cellular Conditions
- The term for the cellular condition where each chromosome type is represented by only one chromosome is haploid.
- The term for the cellular condition where each chromosome type is represented by two homologous chromosomes is diploid.
Test your knowledge about the chromosomal basis of inheritance, gene, locus, and genome as discussed in Chapter 3 of Emery's Elements of Medical Genetics 16th edition by Turnpenny and Ellard.
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