Chromosomes and Cell Division: Gene, Locus, and Genome
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Questions and Answers

Which process maintains a constant number of chromosomes from generation to generation?

  • Meiosis (correct)
  • Crossing over
  • Mitosis
  • Fertilization
  • What is the consequence of independent assortment during meiosis?

  • Formation of non-identical gametes (correct)
  • Formation of identical gametes
  • Decreased genetic diversity
  • Increased chromosome number in daughter cells
  • Which type of chromosomes have the centromere closer to one end, creating a longer arm and a shorter arm?

  • Submetacentric chromosomes
  • Telocentric chromosomes
  • Acrocentric chromosomes (correct)
  • Metacentric chromosomes
  • What is the technique most widely used in clinical cytogenetics laboratories for banding chromosomes?

    <p>G-banding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>Increase in genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is used to identify chromosomes based on their size, centromere position, and banding pattern?

    <p>Karyotyping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chromosomes are numbered from largest to smallest?

    <p>Acrocentric chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of chromosomes in a normal male karyotype?

    <p>46, XY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitosis in somatic cells?

    <p>Growth and repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitosis in somatic cells?

    <p>Growth and repair of tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the specific location of a gene on a chromosome?

    <p>Locus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cellular condition is each chromosome type represented by only one chromosome?

    <p>Haploid (n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region of the chromosome where microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Centromere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total hereditary endowment of DNA of a cell or organism called?

    <p>Genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the cellular condition where each chromosome type is represented by two homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Diploid (2n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chromosomes have the centromere closer to one end, creating a longer arm and a shorter arm?

    <p>Sex chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic unit of heredity that codes for a specific trait?

    <p>Gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are all body cells except reproductive cells?

    <p>Somatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of two duplicated chromosomes connected at the centromere called?

    <p>Chromatid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a chromosome of the same size and shape that carries the same type of genes known as?

    <p>Homologous chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are reproductive cells, i.e. sperm and eggs, called?

    <p>Gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the specific location of a gene on a chromosome?

    <p>Locus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of two duplicated chromosomes connected at the centromere called?

    <p>Sister chromatid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technique most widely used in clinical cytogenetics laboratories for banding chromosomes?

    <p>G-banding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region of the chromosome where microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Kinetochore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the cellular condition where each chromosome type is represented by two homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Diploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of chromosomes in a normal male karyotype?

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitosis in somatic cells?

    <p>Producing two identical daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are all body cells except reproductive cells?

    <p>Somatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the cellular condition where each chromosome type is represented by two homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Diploid (2n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process maintains a constant number of chromosomes from generation to generation?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of chromosomes in a normal male karyotype?

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>It increases genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitosis in somatic cells?

    <p>To repair damaged tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chromosomes have the centromere closer to one end, creating a longer arm and a shorter arm?

    <p>Acrocentric chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technique most widely used in clinical cytogenetics laboratories for banding chromosomes?

    <p>Karyotyping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitosis in somatic cells?

    <p>To maintain chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a chromosome of the same size and shape that carries the same type of genes known as?

    <p>Homologous chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Meiosis and Chromosomes

    • Meiosis is the process that maintains a constant number of chromosomes from generation to generation.
    • Independent assortment during meiosis results in a unique combination of chromosomes in each gamete.
    • Acrocentric chromosomes have the centromere closer to one end, creating a longer arm and a shorter arm.
    • The technique most widely used in clinical cytogenetics laboratories for banding chromosomes is G-banding.

    Crossing Over

    • Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis.
    • The significance of crossing over during meiosis is that it increases genetic diversity by shuffling genes between homologous chromosomes.

    Karyotype

    • A normal male karyotype has a total of 46 chromosomes.
    • Chromosomes are numbered from largest to smallest.

    Mitosis

    • The role of mitosis in somatic cells is to produce two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
    • The main function of mitosis in somatic cells is to allow for growth and repair.

    Genetics

    • The term for the specific location of a gene on a chromosome is locus.
    • Somatic cells are all body cells except reproductive cells.
    • Reproductive cells, i.e. sperm and eggs, are called gametes.
    • A gene is the basic unit of heredity that codes for a specific trait.

    Chromosome Structure

    • The region of the chromosome where microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis is the centromere.
    • The term for the total hereditary endowment of DNA of a cell or organism is genome.
    • A chromosome of the same size and shape that carries the same type of genes is known as a homolog.
    • One of two duplicated chromosomes connected at the centromere is called a sister chromatid.

    Cellular Conditions

    • The term for the cellular condition where each chromosome type is represented by only one chromosome is haploid.
    • The term for the cellular condition where each chromosome type is represented by two homologous chromosomes is diploid.

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    Test your knowledge about the chromosomal basis of inheritance, gene, locus, and genome as discussed in Chapter 3 of Emery's Elements of Medical Genetics 16th edition by Turnpenny and Ellard.

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