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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of chromatin remodeling?
What is the primary function of chromatin remodeling?
Which type of chromatin is characterized by a loose structure and active genes?
Which type of chromatin is characterized by a loose structure and active genes?
What is the result of histone acetylation?
What is the result of histone acetylation?
During mitosis, what is the process of chromatin compacting into visible chromosomes?
During mitosis, what is the process of chromatin compacting into visible chromosomes?
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What is the specialized region on the chromosome where sister chromatids attach?
What is the specialized region on the chromosome where sister chromatids attach?
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What are the identical copies of a chromosome that separate during cell division?
What are the identical copies of a chromosome that separate during cell division?
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What is the family of basic proteins that DNA wraps around to form chromatin?
What is the family of basic proteins that DNA wraps around to form chromatin?
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What is the stage of cell division where chromosomes line up at the center of the cell?
What is the stage of cell division where chromosomes line up at the center of the cell?
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What is the result of DNA replication during interphase?
What is the result of DNA replication during interphase?
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During which stage of cell division do microtubules from the spindle fibers attach to the centromere?
During which stage of cell division do microtubules from the spindle fibers attach to the centromere?
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What is the stage where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell?
What is the stage where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell?
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What happens to the chromosomes during telophase?
What happens to the chromosomes during telophase?
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What is the purpose of metaphase?
What is the purpose of metaphase?
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During which stage of cell division do chromosomes become visible?
During which stage of cell division do chromosomes become visible?
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What is the result of cytokinesis?
What is the result of cytokinesis?
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Study Notes
Chromosome Structure
Chromatin
- Definition: Chromatin is the complex of DNA, histone proteins, and other non-histone proteins that make up the chromosome.
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Forms:
- Euchromatin: lightly packed, active genes, loose structure
- Heterochromatin: densely packed, inactive genes, compact structure
- Chromatin remodeling: process of reorganizing chromatin structure to access or silence genes
Histones
- Definition: Histones are a family of basic proteins that DNA wraps around to form chromatin.
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Types:
- H2A
- H2B
- H3
- H4
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Histone modifications: post-translational modifications that alter chromatin structure and accessibility
- Acetylation: relaxation of chromatin structure, increased gene expression
- Methylation: condensation of chromatin structure, gene silencing
Cell Division
- Chromatin condensation: process of chromatin compacting into visible chromosomes during mitosis
- Chromosome condensation complex: protein complex that helps condense chromatin
- Sister chromatids: identical copies of a chromosome that separate during cell division
- Centromere: specialized region on the chromosome where sister chromatids attach
Chromosome Structure
Chromatin
- Chromatin is the complex of DNA, histone proteins, and other non-histone proteins that make up the chromosome.
- Euchromatin is lightly packed, has active genes, and a loose structure.
- Heterochromatin is densely packed, has inactive genes, and a compact structure.
- Chromatin remodeling is the process of reorganizing chromatin structure to access or silence genes.
Histones
- Histones are a family of basic proteins that DNA wraps around to form chromatin.
- There are four main types of histones: H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.
- Histone modifications alter chromatin structure and accessibility.
- Acetylation of histones relaxes chromatin structure, increasing gene expression.
- Methylation of histones condenses chromatin structure, silencing genes.
Cell Division
- Chromatin condensation is the process of chromatin compacting into visible chromosomes during mitosis.
- The chromosome condensation complex is a protein complex that helps condense chromatin.
- Sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome that separate during cell division.
- The centromere is a specialized region on the chromosome where sister chromatids attach.
Chromosome Structure in Cell Division
Interphase
- Chromatin is uncoiled and dispersed throughout the nucleus, making individual chromosomes invisible
- DNA replication occurs, resulting in two identical sister chromatids
Chromosome Condensation
- Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes during prophase
- Each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere
- Centromere is the specialized region where sister chromatids are attached
Chromosome Alignment
- Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell, attached to the spindle fibers during metaphase
- Each chromosome is aligned with its homologous partner, ensuring a complete set of chromosomes in new cells
Sister Chromatid Separation
- Sister chromatids separate, moving to opposite poles of the cell during anaphase
- Each chromatid becomes a separate chromosome after separation
- Microtubules pull the sister chromatids apart, ensuring each new cell receives one copy of each chromosome
Chromosome Decondensation
- Chromosomes reach the poles of the cell and begin to decondense during telophase
- Nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes
- Cytokinesis follows, dividing the cytoplasm and completing cell division
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Description
Learn about chromatin, its forms, and histones in chromosome structure. Understand the difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin and the process of chromatin remodeling.
