Chromosomal Rearrangements - Module 10

A permanent change in the structure of a chromosome, passed on to offspring if the change occurs in germline cells.

Loss of a chromosome segment; either at the end or internally.

A structure formed during meiosis in a cell containing a deletion that is detected.

A chromosome lacking a centromere; likely lost during cell division.

Expression of a normally recessive allele due to deletion of a dominant allele's region.

The number of copies of a gene affecting its function.

A mechanism that can create deletions.

Loss of a chromosome segment at the end of a chromosome.

A mutant phenotype caused because a gene only has one copy when two are needed for normal function; a loss of a gene's function.

A section of a chromosome is repeated. Often, the repetition is in tandem (right next to the original segment).

A duplication where the repeated segment is adjacent to the original segment, often the simplest type of duplication.

A process where a segment of DNA is copied, creating two or more copies of a gene.

A gene that has lost its ability to code for a functional protein.

One copy of a duplicated gene acquires a new function.

A group of genes with related functions, often resulting from gene duplication events.

A type of chromosomal rearrangement where a segment of a chromosome is flipped and reinserted.

An inversion that includes the centromere.

An inversion that does not include the centromere.

The change in gene expression due to a change in the gene's position on a chromosome. This can occur when moving a gene to a region that has different regulatory elements or when altering chromatin structure.

A pattern of different colored areas on a plant or animal due to a change in gene expression, often caused by a position effect.

A chromatid with two centromeres, formed during crossing over within a paracentric inversion.

A chromatid without a centromere, formed during crossing over within a paracentric inversion.

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis that occurs within an inverted region.

An exchange of segments between nonhomologous chromosomes or between different regions on the same chromosome.

A type of translocation where two chromosomes exchange segments. No genetic material is lost or gained, creating a balanced translocation.

A type of translocation where a chromosome segment moves to a different chromosome without any reciprocal exchange. This can lead to an unbalanced translocation with a gain or loss of genetic material.

A translocation where no genetic material is lost or gained. The total amount of genetic material remains the same.

An abnormal chromosome found in some leukemia patients, caused by a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, leading to a fusion gene that promotes uncontrolled cell growth.

A protein formed when two or more different proteins are joined together through genetic recombination. This can occur due to chromosomal rearrangements.

Translocations can change the position of genes, potentially altering their expression by influencing their association with different regulatory proteins or creating new gene products, like fusion proteins. These alterations can lead to various cellular changes and even disease.

Chromosomal rearrangements, like translocations, can disrupt the normal functioning of genes and lead to various diseases, including cancer. For example, the Philadelphia chromosome, a product of a specific translocation, is associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia.

A type of chromosomal rearrangement where a segment of a chromosome is flipped and re-inserted, changing the gene order.

A male ruff with an inverted chromosome, specifically the chromosome containing the 'S' gene, which influences mating displays.

A male ruff with a non-inverted chromosome, carrying the 'S' gene, involved in mating displays.

The potential for offspring to be homozygous for the inversion, leading to non-viability, meaning they cannot survive.

Despite the cost, being heterozygous for the inversion, resulting in being a 'Faeder' male, is a successful reproductive strategy, outweighing the cost.

Genes within the inversion region show significantly greater sequence divergence compared to those outside the inversion.

Chromosomal rearrangements can influence adaptation to different environments, as seen with the Atlantic Cod, where inversions affect temperature preference.

Cod with different inversion orientations have genes that favor either colder or warmer water conditions, demonstrating adaptation driven by inversions.