Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary route of excretion for manganese?
What is the primary route of excretion for manganese?
- Feces (correct)
- Urine
- Lungs
- Sweat
What is the main function of manganese in the body?
What is the main function of manganese in the body?
- Hormone synthesis
- Neurotransmitter synthesis
- Energy production
- Enzyme activation (correct)
Which of the following foods is NOT a good source of manganese?
Which of the following foods is NOT a good source of manganese?
- Whole grains
- Nuts
- Dairy products (correct)
- Leafy vegetables
What type of blood protein is manganese bound to when it is transported to other tissues?
What type of blood protein is manganese bound to when it is transported to other tissues?
Which of these is NOT a function associated with manganese in the body?
Which of these is NOT a function associated with manganese in the body?
From what part of the digestive tract does manganese absorption occur?
From what part of the digestive tract does manganese absorption occur?
Manganese plays a role in which of the following metabolic processes?
Manganese plays a role in which of the following metabolic processes?
Which of these is a FALSE statement regarding manganese transport in the body?
Which of these is a FALSE statement regarding manganese transport in the body?
Which form of chromium is considered a strong oxidant?
Which form of chromium is considered a strong oxidant?
What effect does ascorbic acid have on chromium absorption?
What effect does ascorbic acid have on chromium absorption?
What is a common symptom of chromium deficiency?
What is a common symptom of chromium deficiency?
Which of the following is NOT a recognized effect of toxicity from hexavalent chromium?
Which of the following is NOT a recognized effect of toxicity from hexavalent chromium?
What is the current best practice method of confirming chromium deficiency?
What is the current best practice method of confirming chromium deficiency?
What percentage of skeletal muscle is estimated to contain zinc?
What percentage of skeletal muscle is estimated to contain zinc?
Which tissue has the highest zinc distribution in the body?
Which tissue has the highest zinc distribution in the body?
What percentage of circulating zinc is found in erythrocytes?
What percentage of circulating zinc is found in erythrocytes?
What is the role of α2-macroglobulin in zinc distribution?
What is the role of α2-macroglobulin in zinc distribution?
What is the estimated zinc content in skin tissue?
What is the estimated zinc content in skin tissue?
What is the primary way zinc is transported to the liver?
What is the primary way zinc is transported to the liver?
Which plasma protein accounts for the majority of loosely bound zinc?
Which plasma protein accounts for the majority of loosely bound zinc?
What percentage of zinc is present in bone tissue?
What percentage of zinc is present in bone tissue?
Which of the following describes a taste impairment?
Which of the following describes a taste impairment?
What condition is characterized by the loss of smell?
What condition is characterized by the loss of smell?
Which endocrine condition is associated with low testosterone levels due to Zn depletion?
Which endocrine condition is associated with low testosterone levels due to Zn depletion?
What is a common dermatological manifestation associated with sensory disturbances?
What is a common dermatological manifestation associated with sensory disturbances?
Which growth-related condition is linked to deficiencies in certain hormones due to Zn depletion?
Which growth-related condition is linked to deficiencies in certain hormones due to Zn depletion?
Which of the following hormones is NOT mentioned in relation to Zn depletion?
Which of the following hormones is NOT mentioned in relation to Zn depletion?
What aspect of health could be adversely affected by Zn deficiency, leading to impaired healing?
What aspect of health could be adversely affected by Zn deficiency, leading to impaired healing?
Which of the following is NOT associated with sensory disturbances as listed?
Which of the following is NOT associated with sensory disturbances as listed?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with selenium poisoning?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with selenium poisoning?
What is a common nail change observed in chronic selenium poisoning?
What is a common nail change observed in chronic selenium poisoning?
Which method is considered the gold standard for routine labs in assessing selenium levels?
Which method is considered the gold standard for routine labs in assessing selenium levels?
What method of analysis uses acid digestion followed by fluorometry for selenium detection?
What method of analysis uses acid digestion followed by fluorometry for selenium detection?
What is one of the first symptoms experienced in acute selenium poisoning?
What is one of the first symptoms experienced in acute selenium poisoning?
Which of the following is a chronic effect of selenium poisoning on hair?
Which of the following is a chronic effect of selenium poisoning on hair?
What is the role of Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy in selenium assessment?
What is the role of Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy in selenium assessment?
What symptom is indicative of chronic selenium poisoning rather than acute poisoning?
What symptom is indicative of chronic selenium poisoning rather than acute poisoning?
What is the primary consequence of increased zinc levels in relation to metallothionein?
What is the primary consequence of increased zinc levels in relation to metallothionein?
Which of the following is a critical pre-analytical variable that can affect lab assessments?
Which of the following is a critical pre-analytical variable that can affect lab assessments?
What effect does acute toxicity from high zinc levels primarily have?
What effect does acute toxicity from high zinc levels primarily have?
Which method has adequate sensitivity but is subject to interference during lab assessment?
Which method has adequate sensitivity but is subject to interference during lab assessment?
What is a consequence of the acute phase response (APR) mentioned?
What is a consequence of the acute phase response (APR) mentioned?
Which factor is not mentioned as an analytical factor in lab assessment?
Which factor is not mentioned as an analytical factor in lab assessment?
Which medication type is specified as a critical pre-analytical variable?
Which medication type is specified as a critical pre-analytical variable?
In assessing the effects of zinc, what is a possible acute effect?
In assessing the effects of zinc, what is a possible acute effect?
Which laboratory method is primarily used for testing but also has susceptibility to interferences?
Which laboratory method is primarily used for testing but also has susceptibility to interferences?
What role does zinc play in relation to copper during metallothionein synthesis?
What role does zinc play in relation to copper during metallothionein synthesis?
Flashcards
Chromium's Role in Blood Sugar
Chromium's Role in Blood Sugar
Chromium is an essential trace element that enhances the action of insulin, helping regulate blood sugar levels.
Hexavalent Chromium's Toxicity
Hexavalent Chromium's Toxicity
Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), a highly reactive form, can damage tissues and is considered a carcinogen.
Dietary Sources of Chromium
Dietary Sources of Chromium
Processed meats, whole grains, green beans, broccoli, and some spices are good sources of chromium in the diet.
Chromium Deficiency Symptoms
Chromium Deficiency Symptoms
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Elevated Plasma Chromium
Elevated Plasma Chromium
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Manganese's Role
Manganese's Role
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Dietary Sources of Manganese
Dietary Sources of Manganese
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Manganese Absorption and Transport
Manganese Absorption and Transport
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Manganese Distribution
Manganese Distribution
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Manganese Excretion
Manganese Excretion
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Manganese as an Enzyme Activator
Manganese as an Enzyme Activator
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Manganese Deficiency
Manganese Deficiency
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Manganese Toxicity
Manganese Toxicity
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Selenium poisoning symptoms
Selenium poisoning symptoms
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Nail changes in Selenium poisoning
Nail changes in Selenium poisoning
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Fluorometry
Fluorometry
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Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS)
Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS)
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Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
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Plasma/Serum Selenium
Plasma/Serum Selenium
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Plasma or Serum
Plasma or Serum
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LAB ASSESSMENT
LAB ASSESSMENT
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Where is most zinc stored in the body?
Where is most zinc stored in the body?
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What is the second largest storage site for zinc?
What is the second largest storage site for zinc?
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What percentage of the body's zinc is found in the skin?
What percentage of the body's zinc is found in the skin?
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How does zinc travel to the liver after absorption?
How does zinc travel to the liver after absorption?
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Which blood cells are the primary carriers of zinc in circulation?
Which blood cells are the primary carriers of zinc in circulation?
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What is the primary plasma protein that tightly binds zinc?
What is the primary plasma protein that tightly binds zinc?
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What other plasma protein binds to zinc in the plasma?
What other plasma protein binds to zinc in the plasma?
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Is the distribution of zinc in the body static or dynamic?
Is the distribution of zinc in the body static or dynamic?
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What is Dysgeusia?
What is Dysgeusia?
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What is Anosmia?
What is Anosmia?
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What is Perioral Rash?
What is Perioral Rash?
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What is Poor Wound Healing?
What is Poor Wound Healing?
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What is Hypogonadism?
What is Hypogonadism?
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What is Growth Retardation?
What is Growth Retardation?
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What hormones are affected by Zinc deficiency?
What hormones are affected by Zinc deficiency?
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What is Zinc Deficiency?
What is Zinc Deficiency?
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How does zinc affect copper absorption?
How does zinc affect copper absorption?
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What are potential consequences of high zinc intake?
What are potential consequences of high zinc intake?
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What testing is needed to measure zinc levels?
What testing is needed to measure zinc levels?
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What challenges might affect zinc measurement?
What challenges might affect zinc measurement?
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What factors can influence zinc levels?
What factors can influence zinc levels?
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Which medications impact zinc?
Which medications impact zinc?
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How does albumin influence zinc analysis?
How does albumin influence zinc analysis?
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What happens to zinc during acute phase response?
What happens to zinc during acute phase response?
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What crucial tests are needed with acute phase response?
What crucial tests are needed with acute phase response?
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What are critical pre-analytical factors for zinc testing?
What are critical pre-analytical factors for zinc testing?
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Study Notes
Chromium
- Essential trace element that enhances insulin action
- In hexavalent form (Cr6+), a strong oxidant causing tissue damage
- Absorption increased by ascorbic acid, amino acids, oxalate, and other dietary factors
- Absorbed Cr binds to plasma transferrin, then concentrates in liver, spleen, soft tissue, and bone
- Exercise increases urinary Cr excretion
- Insulin resistance, weight loss, and neurological deficits can occur with a deficiency.
- Increased cardiovascular risk associated with deficiency
- Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) is a known carcinogen
- Industrial exposure to Cr6+ fumes & dusts linked to lung cancer and skin conditions.
- Cr3+ is formed intracellularly by cysteine reduction
- Intracellular DNA adducts form, leading to toxicity.
- A beneficial response to Cr supplementation exists in glucose-intolerant patients but is not a definitive diagnostic method for Cr deficiency
- No practical method exists for assessing intracellular Cr depletion
- Elevated plasma chromium may indicate recent high dietary intake or excessive exposure.
- Common methods for measuring serum or urine chromium include graphite furnace AAS with Zeeman correction and ICP-MS.
Cobalt
- Essential for humans only within vitamin B12
- Enables synthesis of B12
- Erythropoiesis stimulated by inorganic cobalt ions
- Important for erythropoiesis by increasing production of erythropoietin.
- Increased Co exposure from industrial use, particularly hard metal drilling/cutting, leads to high urinary Co levels.
- Increased Co levels also occur with hip prostheses
- Co status assessed through vitamin B12 or cobalamin concentration in biological fluids and tissues.
- Measurement determined by ICP-MS.
Manganese
- Associated with bone and connective tissue formation, growth, reproductive function, and carbohydrate/lipid metabolism
- Absorbed from the small intestine, transported to the liver bound to albumin, and distributed to tissues
- Excreted primarily through bile
- Mn2+ ions are non-specific enzyme activators.
- Crucial factor in limiting oxygen toxicity, particularly in mitochondrial enzymes like superoxide dismutase
- Necessary for glucose synthesis (pyruvate carboxylase activation).
- No overt deficiency in humans consuming natural diets observed
- Neurological symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease may develop in patients with severe liver disease.
- Biomonitoring assesses whole blood Mn, serum Mn and lymphocyte SOD activity, and blood arginase, helping detect excessive exposure, not deficiency
- Whole blood and plasma Mn determined using methods like graphite furnace AAS (GFAAS) or ICP-MS.
Molybdenum
- Essential in carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles
- Dietary sources include legumes, peas, lentils, and beans.
- Urine Mo reflects dietary Mo intake.
- Cofactor for enzymes like sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase
- Rare recessive inherited diseases can cause Mo deficiency (usually resulting in early death).
- No deficiency documented in healthy people consuming normal diets
- Biochemical diagnosis involving urine sulfite measurement, and other factors like low plasma uric acid, can assist in detecting Mo deficiency or excess.
- Mo compounds have low toxicity except for ruminants where it inhibits copper absorption.
- Measurement methods for Mo include ICP-MS, using stable Mo isotopes to assess absorption/excretion.
Selenium
- A constituent of glutathione peroxidase
- Closely associated with vitamin E
- Also part of selenocysteine (a sulfur-like amino acid essential for several proteins)
- Ingested compounds (selenite, selenate, selenocysteine, selenomethionine) largely metabolized to selenide
- Needed for over 30 selenoproteins, many involved in antioxidant functions (glutathione peroxidase, iodothyronine deiodinase, etc.)
- Deficiency can cause white muscle disease, myopathy, and Keshan disease.
- Measurements from various sources: whole blood, plasma/serum, hair, etc. using techniques like GFAAS and ICP-MS.
Vanadium
- Kinetic studies assess vanadium depletion over 5 weeks.
- Essential for metabolic processes (not fully understood).
- Multiple markers for interpretation.
- Vanadium compounds bind tightly to serum transferrin, indicating its transport.
- Food is the main source of vanadium exposure, and it is rapidly excreted, mostly via the kidneys.
- Possibly involved in the treatment of diabetes, by affecting insulin-like functions.
- Commonly measured in plasma or urine by graphite furnace AAS or ICP-AES, ICP-MS.
Zinc
- Zinc is a component of numerous proteins and enzymes
- Important for immune function, cell growth, and wound healing
- Widely distributed in food bound to proteins
- Bioavailability depends on protein digestion.
- Absorbed via active and passive transport
- Distributed in multiple tissues (muscle, bone, skin, etc.)
- Primary excretion route is via feces
- Metallothionein is a key regulatory protein, and it plays an important role in zinc homeostasis.
- Zinc deficiency can cause various symptoms like impaired immune function, development problems, and sensory disturbances.
- Measurements include plasma/serum, hair or cellular components methods are spectrophotometry.
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Description
This quiz explores the essential trace element chromium, its role in insulin action, and health impacts related to its deficiency and toxicity. It covers chromium in both its trivalent and hexavalent forms, highlighting the associated risks with industrial exposure and deficiency. Assess your knowledge of chromium's functions and implications for health.
