Chromium and Health Effects
47 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary route of excretion for manganese?

  • Feces (correct)
  • Urine
  • Lungs
  • Sweat

    • What is the main function of manganese in the body?

  • Hormone synthesis
  • Neurotransmitter synthesis
  • Energy production
  • Enzyme activation (correct)

    • Which of the following foods is NOT a good source of manganese?

  • Whole grains
  • Nuts
  • Dairy products (correct)
  • Leafy vegetables

    • What type of blood protein is manganese bound to when it is transported to other tissues?

    <p>Transferrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a function associated with manganese in the body?

    <p>Immune system regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From what part of the digestive tract does manganese absorption occur?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Manganese plays a role in which of the following metabolic processes?

    <p>Lipid metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a FALSE statement regarding manganese transport in the body?

    <p>Manganese is directly absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of chromium is considered a strong oxidant?

    <p>Hexavalent chromium (Cr^6+^)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does ascorbic acid have on chromium absorption?

    <p>It marginally increases absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of chromium deficiency?

    <p>Insulin-resistant glucose intolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recognized effect of toxicity from hexavalent chromium?

    <p>Enhanced insulin sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current best practice method of confirming chromium deficiency?

    <p>Monitoring a response of glucose-intolerant patients to chromium supplementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of skeletal muscle is estimated to contain zinc?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue has the highest zinc distribution in the body?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of circulating zinc is found in erythrocytes?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of α2-macroglobulin in zinc distribution?

    <p>Firm binding of zinc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated zinc content in skin tissue?

    <p>4-6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way zinc is transported to the liver?

    <p>Via portal circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma protein accounts for the majority of loosely bound zinc?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of zinc is present in bone tissue?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a taste impairment?

    <p>Dysgeusia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the loss of smell?

    <p>Anosmia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which endocrine condition is associated with low testosterone levels due to Zn depletion?

    <p>Hypogonadism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common dermatological manifestation associated with sensory disturbances?

    <p>Perioral rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which growth-related condition is linked to deficiencies in certain hormones due to Zn depletion?

    <p>Growth retardation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is NOT mentioned in relation to Zn depletion?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of health could be adversely affected by Zn deficiency, leading to impaired healing?

    <p>Endocrine function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT associated with sensory disturbances as listed?

    <p>Cognitive impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with selenium poisoning?

    <p>Excessive sweating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common nail change observed in chronic selenium poisoning?

    <p>Brittle nails with white spots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is considered the gold standard for routine labs in assessing selenium levels?

    <p>Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method of analysis uses acid digestion followed by fluorometry for selenium detection?

    <p>Fluorometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the first symptoms experienced in acute selenium poisoning?

    <p>Diarrhoea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a chronic effect of selenium poisoning on hair?

    <p>Significant hair loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy in selenium assessment?

    <p>It assesses plasma and serum selenium levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is indicative of chronic selenium poisoning rather than acute poisoning?

    <p>Fingernail changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of increased zinc levels in relation to metallothionein?

    <p>Increased binding of copper to metallothionein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a critical pre-analytical variable that can affect lab assessments?

    <p>Meal timing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does acute toxicity from high zinc levels primarily have?

    <p>Damage to renal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method has adequate sensitivity but is subject to interference during lab assessment?

    <p>Spectrophotometric methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the acute phase response (APR) mentioned?

    <p>Albumin redistribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is not mentioned as an analytical factor in lab assessment?

    <p>Blood sample temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication type is specified as a critical pre-analytical variable?

    <p>Steroid medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In assessing the effects of zinc, what is a possible acute effect?

    <p>Disruption of kidney function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory method is primarily used for testing but also has susceptibility to interferences?

    <p>Spectrophotometric methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does zinc play in relation to copper during metallothionein synthesis?

    <p>Enhances copper binding to metallothionein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chromium

    • Essential trace element that enhances insulin action
    • In hexavalent form (Cr6+), a strong oxidant causing tissue damage
    • Absorption increased by ascorbic acid, amino acids, oxalate, and other dietary factors
    • Absorbed Cr binds to plasma transferrin, then concentrates in liver, spleen, soft tissue, and bone
    • Exercise increases urinary Cr excretion
    • Insulin resistance, weight loss, and neurological deficits can occur with a deficiency.
    • Increased cardiovascular risk associated with deficiency
    • Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) is a known carcinogen
    • Industrial exposure to Cr6+ fumes & dusts linked to lung cancer and skin conditions.
    • Cr3+ is formed intracellularly by cysteine reduction
    • Intracellular DNA adducts form, leading to toxicity.
    • A beneficial response to Cr supplementation exists in glucose-intolerant patients but is not a definitive diagnostic method for Cr deficiency
    • No practical method exists for assessing intracellular Cr depletion
    • Elevated plasma chromium may indicate recent high dietary intake or excessive exposure.
    • Common methods for measuring serum or urine chromium include graphite furnace AAS with Zeeman correction and ICP-MS.

    Cobalt

    • Essential for humans only within vitamin B12
    • Enables synthesis of B12
    • Erythropoiesis stimulated by inorganic cobalt ions
    • Important for erythropoiesis by increasing production of erythropoietin.
    • Increased Co exposure from industrial use, particularly hard metal drilling/cutting, leads to high urinary Co levels.
    • Increased Co levels also occur with hip prostheses
    • Co status assessed through vitamin B12 or cobalamin concentration in biological fluids and tissues.
    • Measurement determined by ICP-MS.

    Manganese

    • Associated with bone and connective tissue formation, growth, reproductive function, and carbohydrate/lipid metabolism
    • Absorbed from the small intestine, transported to the liver bound to albumin, and distributed to tissues
    • Excreted primarily through bile
    • Mn2+ ions are non-specific enzyme activators.
    • Crucial factor in limiting oxygen toxicity, particularly in mitochondrial enzymes like superoxide dismutase
    • Necessary for glucose synthesis (pyruvate carboxylase activation).
    • No overt deficiency in humans consuming natural diets observed
    • Neurological symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease may develop in patients with severe liver disease.
    • Biomonitoring assesses whole blood Mn, serum Mn and lymphocyte SOD activity, and blood arginase, helping detect excessive exposure, not deficiency
    • Whole blood and plasma Mn determined using methods like graphite furnace AAS (GFAAS) or ICP-MS.

    Molybdenum

    • Essential in carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles
    • Dietary sources include legumes, peas, lentils, and beans.
    • Urine Mo reflects dietary Mo intake.
    • Cofactor for enzymes like sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase
    • Rare recessive inherited diseases can cause Mo deficiency (usually resulting in early death).
    • No deficiency documented in healthy people consuming normal diets
    • Biochemical diagnosis involving urine sulfite measurement, and other factors like low plasma uric acid, can assist in detecting Mo deficiency or excess.
    • Mo compounds have low toxicity except for ruminants where it inhibits copper absorption.
    • Measurement methods for Mo include ICP-MS, using stable Mo isotopes to assess absorption/excretion.

    Selenium

    • A constituent of glutathione peroxidase
    • Closely associated with vitamin E
    • Also part of selenocysteine (a sulfur-like amino acid essential for several proteins)
    • Ingested compounds (selenite, selenate, selenocysteine, selenomethionine) largely metabolized to selenide
    • Needed for over 30 selenoproteins, many involved in antioxidant functions (glutathione peroxidase, iodothyronine deiodinase, etc.)
    • Deficiency can cause white muscle disease, myopathy, and Keshan disease.
    • Measurements from various sources: whole blood, plasma/serum, hair, etc. using techniques like GFAAS and ICP-MS.

    Vanadium

    • Kinetic studies assess vanadium depletion over 5 weeks.
    • Essential for metabolic processes (not fully understood).
    • Multiple markers for interpretation.
    • Vanadium compounds bind tightly to serum transferrin, indicating its transport.
    • Food is the main source of vanadium exposure, and it is rapidly excreted, mostly via the kidneys.
    • Possibly involved in the treatment of diabetes, by affecting insulin-like functions.
    • Commonly measured in plasma or urine by graphite furnace AAS or ICP-AES, ICP-MS.

    Zinc

    • Zinc is a component of numerous proteins and enzymes
    • Important for immune function, cell growth, and wound healing
    • Widely distributed in food bound to proteins
    • Bioavailability depends on protein digestion.
    • Absorbed via active and passive transport
    • Distributed in multiple tissues (muscle, bone, skin, etc.)
    • Primary excretion route is via feces
    • Metallothionein is a key regulatory protein, and it plays an important role in zinc homeostasis.
    • Zinc deficiency can cause various symptoms like impaired immune function, development problems, and sensory disturbances.
    • Measurements include plasma/serum, hair or cellular components methods are spectrophotometry.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Trace Elements - Chemistry PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the essential trace element chromium, its role in insulin action, and health impacts related to its deficiency and toxicity. It covers chromium in both its trivalent and hexavalent forms, highlighting the associated risks with industrial exposure and deficiency. Assess your knowledge of chromium's functions and implications for health.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser