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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of chromatography?
What is the primary purpose of chromatography?
Chromatography can only be used to analyze mixtures but not to purify them.
Chromatography can only be used to analyze mixtures but not to purify them.
False
Which of the following is NOT a use for chromatography?
Which of the following is NOT a use for chromatography?
Who is considered the father of chromatography?
Who is considered the father of chromatography?
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High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is primarily used for solid samples.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is primarily used for solid samples.
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What type of chromatography is used for the separation of gases?
What type of chromatography is used for the separation of gases?
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In chromatography, the ______ phase is stationary and fixed while the ______ phase is movable.
In chromatography, the ______ phase is stationary and fixed while the ______ phase is movable.
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Match the following terms associated with chromatography:
Match the following terms associated with chromatography:
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In chromatography, the _____ phase moves through the stationary phase.
In chromatography, the _____ phase moves through the stationary phase.
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Match the following types of chromatography with their descriptions:
Match the following types of chromatography with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Chromatography and Separation Techniques
- Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures into their components for analysis, purification, identification, and/or quantification.
- Scientists use chromatography to analyze mixtures, determine the identity of components, purify components, and quantify the amount of components present.
- Chromatography utilizes a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Different affinities of components for each phase cause different migration rates.
- High affinity to the stationary phase results in late elution (slow movement). Low affinity to the stationary phase results in early elution (rapid movement).
Types of Chromatography
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Classification by Mobile Phase:
- Gas chromatography (GC): The sample is volatilized and transported by a carrier gas through a stationary phase. Suitable for stable, volatile analytes. Residual solvents in drug substances/products are good for GC analysis. Some forms are gas-solid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography.
- Liquid chromatography (LC): Dissolves compounds to be analyzed in a liquid. Separations take place at room temperature and is better for non-volatile or thermally unstable compounds. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a common type. Some forms are liquid-liquid chromatography and liquid-solid chromatography.
- Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC): Uses supercritical fluids as the mobile phase
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Classification by Equipment/Stationary Phase:
- Planar chromatography: Stationary phase is on a planar surface. Types include paper chromatography and thin-layer chromatography (TLC); liquid is forced through stationary phase by capillary action.
- Column chromatography (CC): Stationary phase is within a column. Types include open tubular and packed columns with liquid or gas mobile phases.
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Classification by Mechanism of Separation:
- Adsorption chromatography: Separation based on the adsorption of the sample onto the stationary phase.
- Partition chromatography: Separation based on the distribution of the sample between two immiscible liquids (stationary and mobile phases).
- Ion exchange chromatography: Separation based on electrostatic interaction between charged sample molecules and an ion exchange stationary phase.
- Affinity chromatography: Sample separation based on specific interaction with the stationary phase (e.g., antigen-antibody reactions or enzyme-substrate interactions).
- Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC): Separation based on the size of the sample molecules. Larger molecules move through the column faster than smaller molecules.
Terminology
- Eluent: The mobile phase fluid moving through the stationary phase.
- Eluate: The fluid leaving the stationary phase, carrying the separated analyte.
- Elution: The process of moving the mobile phase through the stationary phase.
- Chromatograph: The equipment used for chromatographic analysis and separation.
- Chromatogram: A graphical representation of the separated analyte peaks in the eluate.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of chromatography and its application in separating mixtures into components. This quiz covers the principles of gas chromatography and the role of stationary and mobile phases in the separation process. Test your knowledge on different types of chromatography and their uses.
