Chromatography and Separation Techniques

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of chromatography?

  • To create mixtures
  • To increase the volume of substances
  • To separate mixtures into their components (correct)
  • To combine components into a single substance

Chromatography can only be used to analyze mixtures but not to purify them.

False (B)

Which of the following is NOT a use for chromatography?

  • Detecting blood or alcohol levels
  • Determining the amount of chemicals in new products
  • Purifying chemicals for manufacturing
  • Creating new chemical compounds (correct)

Who is considered the father of chromatography?

<p>Tswett</p> Signup and view all the answers

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is primarily used for solid samples.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of chromatography is used for the separation of gases?

<p>Gas chromatography</p> Signup and view all the answers

In chromatography, the ______ phase is stationary and fixed while the ______ phase is movable.

<p>stationary, mobile</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms associated with chromatography:

<p>Analyze = Examine a mixture and its components Identify = Determine the identity of components Purify = Isolate a component of interest Quantify = Determine the amount of components present</p> Signup and view all the answers

In chromatography, the _____ phase moves through the stationary phase.

<p>mobile</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of chromatography with their descriptions:

<p>Gas chromatography = Separation in gas phase Liquid chromatography = Separation in liquid phase Supercritical fluid chromatography = Uses supercritical fluids High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) = Widely applied in liquid chromatography</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Chromatography

A technique for separating mixtures into their individual components for analysis, purification, identification, and quantification.

Stationary Phase

A fixed phase in chromatography that the mixture components travel through.

Mobile Phase

A flowing phase that carries the components through the stationary phase.

High Affinity

When a component strongly attracts/bonds to the stationary phase.

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Low Affinity

When a component weakly attracts/bonds to the stationary phase.

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GC

Abbreviation for Gas Chromatography. A type of chromatography that uses a gas as the mobile phase.

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HPLC

Abbreviation for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Uses a liquid as the mobile phase.

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Analyze (in context of chromatography)

Examining a mixture, its components, and their relationships.

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Identify (in context of chromatography)

Determining the components' identities based on known compounds.

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Purify (in context of chromatography)

Separating components to isolate a specific one.

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Quantify (in context of chromatography)

Determining the amount of a mixture's components.

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Chromatography

A technique used to separate different components of a mixture based on their different affinities for a stationary and mobile phase.

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Stationary Phase

The phase that remains fixed or immobile in a chromatography setup. It's a solid or liquid layer within the device used for separation.

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Mobile Phase

The phase that moves through the stationary phase, carrying the components of the mixture. It's usually a liquid or gas.

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Affinity

The degree of attraction between components and the mobile or stationary phase. Different components have different affinities.

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Gas Chromatography

Chromatography technique where the mobile phase is a gas carrying volatile components.

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Liquid Chromatography

Chromatography technique where the mobile phase is a liquid.

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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

A widely used form of liquid chromatography known for its high efficiency and precision.

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Forensic Science

The application of scientific methods to legal issues often used to identify criminals using physical evidence.

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Chemical Analysis

Identifying and quantifying the chemicals in a sample.

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Study Notes

Chromatography and Separation Techniques

  • Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures into their components for analysis, purification, identification, and/or quantification.
  • Scientists use chromatography to analyze mixtures, determine the identity of components, purify components, and quantify the amount of components present.
  • Chromatography utilizes a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Different affinities of components for each phase cause different migration rates.
  • High affinity to the stationary phase results in late elution (slow movement). Low affinity to the stationary phase results in early elution (rapid movement).

Types of Chromatography

  • Classification by Mobile Phase:

    • Gas chromatography (GC): The sample is volatilized and transported by a carrier gas through a stationary phase. Suitable for stable, volatile analytes. Residual solvents in drug substances/products are good for GC analysis. Some forms are gas-solid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography.
    • Liquid chromatography (LC): Dissolves compounds to be analyzed in a liquid. Separations take place at room temperature and is better for non-volatile or thermally unstable compounds. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a common type. Some forms are liquid-liquid chromatography and liquid-solid chromatography.
    • Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC): Uses supercritical fluids as the mobile phase

  • Classification by Equipment/Stationary Phase:

    • Planar chromatography: Stationary phase is on a planar surface. Types include paper chromatography and thin-layer chromatography (TLC); liquid is forced through stationary phase by capillary action.
    • Column chromatography (CC): Stationary phase is within a column. Types include open tubular and packed columns with liquid or gas mobile phases.

  • Classification by Mechanism of Separation:

    • Adsorption chromatography: Separation based on the adsorption of the sample onto the stationary phase.
    • Partition chromatography: Separation based on the distribution of the sample between two immiscible liquids (stationary and mobile phases).
    • Ion exchange chromatography: Separation based on electrostatic interaction between charged sample molecules and an ion exchange stationary phase.
    • Affinity chromatography: Sample separation based on specific interaction with the stationary phase (e.g., antigen-antibody reactions or enzyme-substrate interactions).
    • Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC): Separation based on the size of the sample molecules. Larger molecules move through the column faster than smaller molecules.

Terminology

  • Eluent: The mobile phase fluid moving through the stationary phase.
  • Eluate: The fluid leaving the stationary phase, carrying the separated analyte.
  • Elution: The process of moving the mobile phase through the stationary phase.
  • Chromatograph: The equipment used for chromatographic analysis and separation.
  • Chromatogram: A graphical representation of the separated analyte peaks in the eluate.

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