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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of a glacis in fortifications?
What is the purpose of a glacis in fortifications?
- To raise the walls of the fortification
- To provide a flanking point for towers
- To direct an advancing enemy into direct fire (correct)
- To serve as a living space for soldiers
Which feature is described as allowing molten lead or stones to be dropped on enemies?
Which feature is described as allowing molten lead or stones to be dropped on enemies?
- Palisade
- Machicolations (correct)
- Portcullis
- Drawbridge
What characterizes typical long houses in medieval architecture?
What characterizes typical long houses in medieval architecture?
- Single storey, housing both family and livestock (correct)
- Have a highly decorative facade
- Multi-storeyed construction with multiple rooms
- Built primarily from stone
What is a portcullis primarily used for in a fortification?
What is a portcullis primarily used for in a fortification?
Which type of medieval domestic building often had just a single room per floor?
Which type of medieval domestic building often had just a single room per floor?
What is the primary construction material used in medieval domestic buildings?
What is the primary construction material used in medieval domestic buildings?
Which feature of a fortification is described as having indentations?
Which feature of a fortification is described as having indentations?
What is a bailey in the context of a medieval fortification?
What is a bailey in the context of a medieval fortification?
What architectural features are common in Italian Romanesque buildings?
What architectural features are common in Italian Romanesque buildings?
Which materials were commonly used in the construction of Italian Romanesque buildings?
Which materials were commonly used in the construction of Italian Romanesque buildings?
Which notable example features a leaning tower?
Which notable example features a leaning tower?
How were the church complexes in Italian Romanesque architecture typically designed?
How were the church complexes in Italian Romanesque architecture typically designed?
What influenced the design of some Italian Romanesque buildings?
What influenced the design of some Italian Romanesque buildings?
What characterizes a cellar in architectural terminology?
What characterizes a cellar in architectural terminology?
Which feature is NOT typically associated with French Romanesque architecture?
Which feature is NOT typically associated with French Romanesque architecture?
Which building is an example of a Stave Church?
Which building is an example of a Stave Church?
What is a typical structural element seen in French Romanesque churches?
What is a typical structural element seen in French Romanesque churches?
How is the term 'ramloftstuga' best described?
How is the term 'ramloftstuga' best described?
Which characteristic is attributed to the Pisa Cathedral complex?
Which characteristic is attributed to the Pisa Cathedral complex?
Which of the following is NOT classified as a notable example of Romanesque architecture?
Which of the following is NOT classified as a notable example of Romanesque architecture?
What is a solar in the context of architectural terminology?
What is a solar in the context of architectural terminology?
What was the purpose of a scriptorium in a monastery?
What was the purpose of a scriptorium in a monastery?
Which room in a monastery contained a trough with running water for handwashing?
Which room in a monastery contained a trough with running water for handwashing?
What was the primary function of a granary in a monastery?
What was the primary function of a granary in a monastery?
Which of the following best describes a misericord?
Which of the following best describes a misericord?
What was the purpose of the night stair in a monastery?
What was the purpose of the night stair in a monastery?
In what type of building were manor houses primarily constructed?
In what type of building were manor houses primarily constructed?
What distinguishes a warming-house in a monastery?
What distinguishes a warming-house in a monastery?
What architectural feature primarily characterized castles?
What architectural feature primarily characterized castles?
What role did Christianity play in the socioeconomic structure during the Middle Ages in Europe?
What role did Christianity play in the socioeconomic structure during the Middle Ages in Europe?
What was a crucial purpose of constructing churches during the Middle Ages?
What was a crucial purpose of constructing churches during the Middle Ages?
What distinguishes a crusade from a pilgrimage?
What distinguishes a crusade from a pilgrimage?
What was one significant impact of Charlemagne on church architecture?
What was one significant impact of Charlemagne on church architecture?
What was a primary characteristic of Romanesque architecture?
What was a primary characteristic of Romanesque architecture?
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Study Notes
Christianity and Its Influence
- Building churches served as a unifying purpose for communities during the Middle Ages.
- The socio-economic structure in Europe transformed significantly due to Christianity.
- Under Emperor Charlemagne, the church became the spiritual center, facilitating religious influence through teachings.
- Churches were viewed as the foundational elements of cities, leading to an increase in their construction.
- The Crusades and pilgrimages were vital for spreading Christianity and exchanging cultural ideas.
- Pilgrimages honored events from Jesus Christ's life, while Crusades were military campaigns aimed at reclaiming holy sites.
Feudalism
- Lands were primarily owned by feudal lords, requiring protection from rival lords.
- Military architecture developed as a means of defense.
- Peasants paid their landowners through military service.
Romanesque Architecture
- Glacis: A sloped embankment designed to enhance defensive artillery fire.
- Towers: Salient structures on walls providing flanking defense.
- Various architectural elements included allure, parapets, battlements, merlons, machicolations, drawbridges, portcullis, baileys, and palisades.
Domestic Buildings
- Constructed mainly of timber or half-timbered methods.
- Long Houses: Single-story buildings for families and livestock.
- City and Tower Houses: Multi-story, space-restricted homes accessed via steep ladders.
- Town Houses: Modestly sized with classical architectural features, often facing a square.
Italian Romanesque
- Featured basilica plans and emphasis on ornamental beauty.
- Utilized materials from ancient ruins, such as Corinthian capitals.
- Promoted separate buildings within church complexes featuring wood and marble.
- Distinct architectural elements included open arches, galleries, wall buttresses, and facades adorned with sculptures.
- Influenced by Islamic architecture due to cultural exchanges.
Notable Italian Romanesque Examples
- Pisa Cathedral: Characterized by a long row of columns, red and white marble, and a Leaning Tower.
- St. Miniato, Florence
- St. Ambrogio, Milan
- Cefalu Cathedral, Sicily
French Romanesque
- Typically designed with a cruciform shape and barrel-vaulted naves.
- Featured a semi-circular east end with an ambulatory and radiating chapels.
- Prominent use of buttresses alongside two flanking towers.
Notable French Romanesque Example
- Notre Dame du Port: An esteemed church in the Auvergne region with significant monastic features.
Monastic Architecture Features
- Frater: Refectory or dining area for monks.
- Garderobe: Lavatory in medieval monasteries.
- Granary: Storage for threshed grain.
- Infirmary: Quarters for sick or elderly monks.
- Kitchen: Area for meal preparation.
- Lavatorium: Handwashing facility for monks before meals.
- Scriptorium: Room for manuscript copying.
- Misericord: Disciplinary area for monks.
Castles and Manor Houses
- Castles were sturdy stone structures representing power and strength.
- Manor houses, important in villages, featured "half-timbered" construction methods with timber frameworks.
Other Domestic Structures
- Cellars: Storage areas mostly below ground level.
- Solar: Upper-floor rooms or apartments.
- Ramloftstuga: A Scandinavian stone domestic building.
- Stave Church: A wooden church style from Scandinavia.
Notable Cathedral Examples
- Durham Cathedral
- Canterbury Cathedral
- Peterborough Cathedral
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