Christianity and Chinese Dynasties Overview

<p>A clash with the Mongols. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A transition from Buddhism to Confucianism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The extensive imperial clan and military campaigns. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The promotion of tattooing traditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They created a financial crisis due to the Little Ice Age. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The monastery was burned by a militia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hongwu (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Establishing a centralized authority with military discipline. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Widespread executions amounting to tens of thousands. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Being off-limits to commoners. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He expanded the tribute system to foreign countries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It replaced the tribute system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sweet potatoes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Way (Tao) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zhou Dynasty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural disasters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The emperor's virtue determines his right to rule. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Significant trade expansion and interaction with the West (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zhu Yuanzhang, born into poverty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drama/theater and literature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Yellow River (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destruction of the Yellow River dikes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starvation due to famine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By enforcing strict Manchurian dress codes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He committed suicide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural disasters and disease outbreaks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prosperity and expansion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were executed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Li Zicheng and Zhang (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Qing rulers selected successors based on merit. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wheat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Taxing the peasants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The White Lotus Rebellion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stifling corruption and reducing taxes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They underestimated the strength of European ambitions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Princes became more involved in politics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural advancements under Kangxi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He defeated three Han rebellions and seized Taiwan. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potatoes and corn (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased disinterest in governance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creating a system of torture for sorcerers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He was warmly welcomed but had all requests turned down. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The population doubled, and farmlands expanded. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He stopped Russian invasion attempts and signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He expanded control over parts of Tibet and Central Asia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A Chinese philosophical idea from the Zhou Dynasty that gave the emperor the right to rule, but only if he was virtuous and capable of maintaining peace and prosperity. If the emperor lost these qualities, the people had the right to overthrow him and install a new ruler.

A philosophy developed in ancient China by Lao Tzu, emphasizing living in harmony with the natural order (Tao). This philosophy promotes a balance between opposing forces and a way of living in accordance with the universe's flow.

A flourishing dynasty in Chinese history, lasting from 1368 to 1644, remarkable for its population growth, trade expansion, and advances in art and culture.

A powerful symbol of the Ming Dynasty's reign, indicating that the ruler lost the approval of Heaven, often manifested by events like famines, floods, or rebellions.

The founder of the Ming Dynasty, who rose from humble beginnings to become emperor, known for his powerful leadership and uniting the country amidst chaos.

The Chinese emperor's right to rule, granted by heaven, was based on his virtue, ability to maintain peace and prosperity, and the welfare of the people. This concept allowed for a change in dynasty if the emperor lost his virtue or failed in his duties.

The Mandate of Heaven wasn't tied to bloodlines, meaning a peasant could rise to become emperor if they were successful in leading a rebellion and gained the people's support.

The Ming Dynasty witnessed China's population doubling, a testament to the era's prosperity and stability. This growth was accompanied by the expansion of trade and cultural development.

The founder of the Ming Dynasty, known for his strong leadership and ruthless methods.

A massive palace complex in Beijing, built by the Ming emperors, symbolizing imperial power and grandeur.

A system of diplomatic exchanges through which neighboring states paid tribute to the Chinese emperor in exchange for recognition and trade.

The expansion of the tribute system under the Ming Dynasty, involving direct trading with other countries including India and Africa.

The reign of the third Ming emperor, marked by extensive maritime expeditions and a renewed focus on Chinese trade.

The transition from a tributary system to open maritime trade, allowing Europeans to engage with China directly.

A policy of promoting traditional Confucian values and ceremonies, aimed at strengthening the legitimacy and authority of the Ming dynasty.

A period of great social and political unrest in China, marked by famine, rebellion, and the fall of the Ming Dynasty.

A rebellion in China against the Qing Dynasty led by a group of rebels who claimed to have a

A strict rule enforced by the Qing Dynasty, requiring all men to cut their hair in the Manchurian style, with failure resulting in execution.

A significant policy of the Qing Dynasty aimed at separating themselves from their subjects, even practicing different religions and rituals.

The Qing Dynasty was founded by the Manchu people, who conquered China and established their rule.

The Qing Dynasty was marked by initial prosperity and stability, followed by turbulent final years.

A significant era in Chinese history marked by the Qing Dynasty's rule, lasting from 1644 to 1912.

The Ming dynasty had a strong preference for a centralized government, with the emperor controlling most aspects of the empire. However, they were wary of foreign trade, fearing it would undermine the emperor's authority.

The Great Wall of China, a massive defensive structure built over centuries, was a symbol of the Ming dynasty's ambition to protect its borders. The wall needed constant upkeep, especially during the Ming dynasty, as they faced threats from the Mongols.

Acculturation refers to the cultural changes that occur when one group adopts elements of another group's culture. The Ming dynasty attempted to assimilate Vietnam into its own culture by promoting Confucianism and suppressing old Vietnamese traditions.

The Ming dynasty's military campaigns, particularly in Korea and Japan, were financially draining. These wars, combined with expenses on defending against insurgents like the Mongols, significantly weakened the empire's treasury.

The Ming dynasty faced a severe agricultural disaster during a period of unusually cold weather, known as the Little Ice Age. This agricultural crisis further strained the empire's resources and contributed to its decline.

The Ming dynasty's reliance on a centralized administration, particularly regarding sea trade, led to challenges in controlling foreign policies. The emperor's inability to regulate foreign commerce contributed to tensions and instability.

The Ming dynasty experienced several challenges, such as the Mongol threat, financial burdens from wars, and the agricultural crisis during the Little Ice Age. All these factors played a role in its ultimate decline and eventual fall from power.

The rule of inheriting the throne was different between the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Ming preferred to have the eldest son, born to the main wife, inherit the throne, while the Qing emphasized merit and kept the successor a secret until the deathbed.

The Qing dynasty's economic policies involved extracting wealth from the peasantry through taxes, but also encouraging trade and commerce. This strategy led to peasant migration and the adoption of new crops from the New World.

The Qing dynasty's foreign policy involved a mix of trade restrictions, tribute collection from surrounding states, and eventually conflict with European powers due to their refusal to adopt modern technologies and underestimate European ambitions.

The Qing dynasty's decline was attributed to various factors including internal rebellions, external pressures from European imperialism and technological advancements, and the ruling elite's perceived superiority, creating a disconnect between the rulers and the ruled.

Emperor Kangxi, known for his long reign, oversaw significant cultural advancements like standardizing the Han language and creating comprehensive maps of China. He also focused on reducing corruption, mitigating taxes, and promoting agricultural growth.

One of the policies implemented by Emperor Kangxi was to reduce government staff and decrease spending, a tactic he utilized to streamline administration and enhance fiscal responsibility.

Kangxi significantly reduced taxes and prevented land seizures, demonstrating his commitment to alleviating the burden on farmers and ensuring their well-being.

Emperor Kangxi implemented policies that fostered a more favorable environment for farmers, mitigating land seizures and decreasing their tax burden.

Kangxi (ruled 1661-1722) was the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, considered one of the greatest rulers in Chinese history. His reign saw the suppression of rebellions, territorial expansion, and economic growth. He secured the northern borders, expanded Chinese influence in Mongolia, and facilitated trade with other nations, laying the foundation for a prosperous period.

Qianlong (ruled 1735-1796) was the fourth emperor of the Qing dynasty, known for his long reign and the empire's reaching its zenith during his rule. He oversaw territorial expansion, economic prosperity, and cultural projects. His later reign, however, was characterized by an increasing disinterest in governing.

Qianlong's later reign was marked by his disinterest in ruling. He withdrew from active governance, focusing more on artistic pursuits like writing poetry and preserving Manchu culture. This lack of focus on politics and governance arguably contributed to a decline in the Qing dynasty's power.

Qianlong was obsessed with preserving Manchu culture, which led him to implement various projects to that end. He compiled dictionaries and genealogies, and even resorted to torture to suppress alleged sorcery threats to the Manchus. He also ordered the destruction of thousands of Chinese books deemed disparaging to Manchus.

Emperor Qianlong's rule saw the expansion of the Qing empire to its greatest extent. He led military campaigns in the west, bringing Tibet and Central Asia under Qing control. This expansion increased the empire's power and influence.

The Qing dynasty under Qianlong enjoyed an era of peace and prosperity. The heartland of China experienced a surge in population, agricultural growth, and flourishing commerce. Qianlong implemented measures to promote economic growth by encouraging new farming methods, tax cuts, and flood control.

Despite the immense cultural and economic achievements during Qianlong's reign, a key feature of his foreign policy was his isolationism. He welcomed foreign diplomats but rejected all their requests for trade agreements. This isolationist approach led to the decline of Chinese trade and kept China largely disconnected from global economic trends. In 1793, he famously turned down British diplomat Lord Macartney's request for a trade treaty with China.

Lord Macartney's mission in 1793 to China was unsuccessful due to Qianlong's closed-door policy. Macartney's diplomatic gifts were not appreciated by the Emperor, who viewed them as unimportant. He dismissed the British request for a trade treaty, emphasizing China's self-sufficiency and superiority.