CHRA Review Material Set A: HR Theories
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Questions and Answers

The basic functions of the management process include all of the following EXCEPT ______.

  • Planning
  • Outsourcing (correct)
  • Organizing
  • Leading
  • Which one of the following is the person responsible for accomplishing an organization's goals by managing the efforts of the organization's people?

  • Generalist
  • Manager (correct)
  • Entrepreneur
  • Marketer
  • Which function of the management process requires a manager to establish goals and standards and to develop rules and procedures?

  • Planning (correct)
  • Leading
  • Staffing
  • Organizing
  • Consuela, a manager, delegates the authority for a project to Lee, her subordinate. Consuela is most likely involved in which function of the management process?

    <p>Organizing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When managers use metrics to assess performance and then develop strategies for corrective action, they are performing the ______ function of the management process.

    <p>Controlling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the management process, which one of the following is an activity associated with the leading function?

    <p>Motivating subordinates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Personnel activities associated with human resource management most likely include all of the following EXCEPT ______.

    <p>Developing customer relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A line manager's human resource responsibilities most likely include all of the following EXCEPT ______.

    <p>Marketing new products and services (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Yuki works at a position in his organization where he maintains contacts within the local community and travels to search for qualified job applicants. Yuki's position is best described as ______.

    <p>Recruiter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human resource managers generally exert _______ within the human resources department and ______ outside the human resources department.

    <p>Line authority; staff authority (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wilmer works in the HR department and is in charge of developing the plans for how people are paid and how the employee benefits program is run. Wilmer is most likely holding the position of ______.

    <p>Compensation manager (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An HR generalist at Wilson Manufacturing has been assigned to the sales department to provide HR management assistance as needed. Which of the following best describes the structure of the HR services provided at Wilson Manufacturing?

    <p>Embedded HR teams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization of the human resource function involves dedicated HR members that assist top management in issues such as developing the personnel aspects of the company's long-term strategic plan?

    <p>Corporate HR teams (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the knowledge, skills, and abilities of a firm's workers?

    <p>Human capital (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for workforces like those at the company Uber, where freelancers and independent contractors work when they can, on what they want to work on, and when the company needs them?

    <p>On-demand workers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The recent trend where in some occupations (such as high-tech) unemployment rates are low, while in others unemployment rates are still very high and recruiters in many companies can't find candidates, while in others there's a wealth of candidates is called ______.

    <p>Unbalanced labor force (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following best exemplifies recent trends in technology that are affecting human resource management?

    <p>The use of gaming features to enhance training and performance appraisal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evidence-based human resource management relies on all of the following types of evidence EXCEPT ______.

    <p>Qualitative opinions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In small organizations, line managers frequently handle all personnel duties without the assistance of a human resource staff. True or False?

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two distinct functions carried out by human resource managers?

    <p>Line function and staff function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On Letitia's first day of work at a software firm, she attended a meeting with the HR manager and other new employees. Letitia learned about employee benefits packages, personnel policies, and the structure of the company. In Which one of the following did Letitia most likely participate?

    <p>Employee orientation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is most likely NOT one of the goals of a firm's employee orientation program? Making new employees feel like part of a team. Helping new employees become socialized into the firm. Assisting new employees in selecting the best labor union. Teaching new employees about the firm's history and strategies.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Employee orientation programs range from brief, informal introductions to lengthy, formal courses. True or False?

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hiring highly skilled employees with great potential eliminates the need to provide orientation and training. True or False?

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The methods used to give new or present employees the skills they need to perform their jobs are called ______.

    <p>Training (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ identifies the training employees will need to fill future jobs.

    <p>Strategic training needs analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the ADDIE training process?

    <p>Analyzing the training need (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amy, an accounting supervisor, has been asked to provide training for her subordinates about new tax laws.. In order to motivate the individuals who, attend her training session, Amy should most likely do all of the following EXCEPT ______.

    <p>Use new terminology and technical concepts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Employers will most likely use all of the following methods to identify training needs for new employees EXCEPT ______.

    <p>Conducting a work sampling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Training sessions should be half-day or three-fourths day in length rather than a full day, because the learning curve goes down late in the day. True or False?

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following would most likely occur during the fourth step of the ADDIE training process?

    <p>Holding on-the-job training sessions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rebekah was hired soon after graduation and assigned to complete a management trainee program. She will move to various jobs each month for a nine-month period of time. Her employer is utilizing the ______ form of training.

    <p>Job rotation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A structured process by which people become skilled workers through a combination of classroom instruction and on-the-job training is called ______.

    <p>Apprenticeship training (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lan is currently being trained on the job and is at the first step in the OJT process, which involves ______.

    <p>Familiarizing the trainee with equipment, tools, and trade terms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When jobs consist of a logical sequence of steps and are best taught step-by-step, the most appropriate training method to use is ______.

    <p>Job instruction training (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the recruitment and selection process?

    <p>Deciding what positions to fill (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Marcus, an HR manager for Samsung, must decide what positions the firm should fill in the next six months, which means Marcus is currently working on ______.

    <p>Personnel planning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of deciding how to fill executive positions at a firm is known as ______.

    <p>Succession planning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following terms refers to studying a firm's past employment needs over a period of years to predict future needs?

    <p>Trend analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Newton Building Supplies hopes to generate an extra Php 4 million in sales next year. A salesperson traditionally generates Php 800,000 in sales each year. Using ratio analysis, how many new salespeople should Newton hire?

    <p>5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following contains data regarding employees' education, career development, and special skills and is used by managers when selecting inside candidates for promotion?

    <p>Skills inventories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When managers need to determine which current employees are available for promotion or transfer, they will most likely use ______.

    <p>Skills inventories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are methods used by firms to develop high-potential candidates for future positions EXCEPT ______.

    <p>Developing skills inventories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smith Industries is thinking of having another company take care of its benefits management. This is called ______.

    <p>Outsourcing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Recruiting is necessary to ______.

    <p>Develop an applicant pool (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is the primary disadvantage of using internal sources of candidates to fill vacant positions in a firm?

    <p>Potential to lose employees who aren't promoted (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maria Boyd has been hired by Barnum Hotels to manage staffing for the regional hotel chain. Barnum intends to open two new hotels within the next three years and will have many job positions to fill. Historically, employee turnover is high at Barnum as employees remain with the company for one or two years before quitting. Maria realizes that Barnum needs to make significant changes in its personnel strategy in order to meet the company's goals for the future and improve employee retention rates. All of the following questions are relevant to Mari's decision to fill top positions at the new hotels with internal candidates EXCEPT: What are the key managerial positions that are available at the new hotels? What percentage of employers in the service industry use succession planning? What skills, education, and training have been provided to potential candidates? What is the designated procedure for assessing and selecting potential candidates?

    <p>What percentage of employers in the service industry use succession planning? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is NOT a tool used by firms to recruit outside candidates?

    <p>Intranet job postings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following factors plays the greatest role in determining the best medium for a job advertisement?

    <p>Skills needed for the job (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An employer will most likely use a private employment agency in order to ______.

    <p>Fill a specific job opening quickly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Newton Manufacturing is using a private employment agency to recruit individuals for management positions. As the HR manager at Newton, you need to ensure that applicants are screened properly, so you should ______.

    <p>Provide the agency with an accurate job description (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kate works as a nurse on temporary assignment for hospitals throughout the region on an as-needed basis. Kate is most likely ______.

    <p>Working as a contingent worker (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using employee referral campaigns?

    <p>Applicants have received realistic job previews. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Publicizing an open job to current employees through a firm's intranet or bulletin board is known as job posting. True or False?

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following terms refers to the process of evaluating an employee's current and/or past performance relative to his or her performance standards?

    <p>Performance appraisal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary purpose of providing employees with feedback during a performance appraisal is to motivate employees to ______.

    <p>Remove any performance deficiencies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are reasons for appraising an employee's performance EXCEPT ______.

    <p>Creating an organizational strategy map (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In most organizations, who is primarily responsible for appraising an employee's performance?

    <p>Employee's direct supervisor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step of any performance appraisal?

    <p>Setting work standards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What usually occurs when employees rate themselves for performance appraisals?

    <p>Ratings are higher than when provided by supervisors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following terms refers to the process of allowing subordinates to rate their supervisor's performance anonymously?

    <p>Upward feedback (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following terms refers to a performance appraisal based on surveys from peers, supervisors, subordinates, and customers?

    <p>360-degree feedback (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Supervisors should provide employees with feedback, development, and incentives necessary to help employees eliminate performance deficiencies or to continue to perform well. True or False?

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The HR department monitors the performance appraisal system, but it is typically not involved in rating employees. True or False?

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In order to ensure that performance appraisals are effective, Felicia, a line supervisor, should make sure to schedule a feedback session to address each subordinate's performance, progress, and future development plans. True or False?

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is the easiest and most popular technique for appraising employee performance?

    <p>Graphic rating scale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rolf, the supervisor of the manufacturing department at a computer firm, is in the process of evaluating his staff's performance. He has determined that 15% of the group will be identified as high performers, 20% as above average performers, 30% as average performers, 20% as below average performers, and 15% as poor performers. Which performance appraisal tool has John chosen to use?

    <p>Forced distribution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Human Resource Management

    The coordination and management of an organization's workforce.

    Job Analysis

    Procedure to determine duties and requirements of positions.

    Employee Orientation

    Introduction process for new hires to their roles and company culture.

    Performance Appraisal

    Systematic evaluation of employee job performance.

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    Training and Development

    Processes designed to enhance employee skills and performance.

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    Succession Planning

    Identifying and developing future leaders within the organization.

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    Recruitment

    Process of attracting, interviewing, and hiring qualified candidates.

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    Compensation Manager

    HR role responsible for designing salary and benefits programs.

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    Job Rotation

    Moving employees through various positions to build skills.

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    Background Check

    Verification of a candidate’s employment history and qualifications.

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    Talent Management Process

    Integrated approach to recruiting and developing workforce talent.

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    Employee Testing

    Assessing applicants through various tests to evaluate skills and fit.

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    Contingent Workers

    Employees who work on a temporary or flexible basis.

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    360-degree Feedback

    Performance evaluation method involving feedback from multiple sources.

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    Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS)

    Performance appraisal method using specific job behaviors for rating.

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    Job Specification

    Detailed outline of qualifications and skills for a job.

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    Employee Engagement

    The level of commitment and involvement an employee has towards their organization.

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    Cognitive Ability Test

    Assessment measuring problem-solving and critical thinking capabilities.

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    Management Assessment Center

    Structured evaluation method to assess managerial potential.

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    In-basket Exercises

    Assessment method where candidates handle simulated work tasks under pressure.

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    Training Specialist

    HR professional responsible for developing and implementing training programs.

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    Onboarding

    Process to transition new hires into their roles effectively.

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    Screening

    Evaluation of resumes and applications to identify suitable candidates.

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    Upward Feedback

    Evaluation process where subordinates provide feedback on their supervisors' performance.

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    Job Rotation

    Systematic movement of employees through different jobs for skill development.

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    Exit Interview

    Interview conducted with employees leaving the organization to gather feedback.

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    Job Posting

    Process of advertising job openings to attract applicants.

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    Induction

    Welcome and initial training process for new employees.

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    Halo Effect

    Evaluation bias where one positive trait influences overall ratings.

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    Job Compensation

    Monetary and non-monetary benefits offered to employees in exchange for services.

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    Job Context

    Environmental and contextual factors affecting job performance.

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    Study Notes

    Certified Human Resource Associate (CHRA) Review Material - Set A: Human Resource Theories

    • The review material is compiled by the Human Resource Educators' Association of the Philippines for the 2024 CHRA exam.
    • The material is not for sale.
    • The table of contents lists topics including Introduction to Human Resource Management, Training and Development, Personnel Planning and Recruitment, Performance Appraisal, Job Analysis and Talent Management Process, Employee Testing and Selection, and Definitions of Terms.
    • The document provides a disclaimer regarding the accuracy, completeness and reliability of the information.
    • There is a focus on various functions of the management process. These include planning, organizing, outsourcing, leading and controlling.
    • A manager accomplishes organizational goals by managing the organization's employees.
    • Establishing goals and developing procedures are part of planning, and not leading.
    • Delegating authority pertains to the organizing function of management, not staffing.
    • A line manager's HR responsibilities likely include maintaining department morale, controlling labor costs, protecting employees' health, but not marketing new products or services.
    • Personnel activities in HRM usually include orienting new employees, appraising employees' performance, building employee commitment, but not developing customer relationships.
    • Using metrics to assess performance and develop corrective actions demonstrates the controlling function of the management process.
    • Motivating subordinates is an activity associated with the leading function in the management process.
    • A recruiter is responsible for maintaining local community contacts and finding qualified applicants.
    • Human resource managers generally exert line authority.
    • Compensation managers develop plans for employee compensation and benefits, not training specialists or recruiters.
    • The structure of HR services at Wilson Manufacturing is usually embedded HR teams.
    • The organization of the HR function that assists top management in developing long-term strategic plans is the Corporate HR teams.
    • The knowledge, skills, and abilities of a firm's workers are called human capital.
    • On-demand workers are independent contractors who work when needed, and as dictated by the demands of a company.
    • Using gaming features to enhance training and performance appraisal is a trend in technology affecting human resource management.
    • Evidence-based HRM relies on scientific rigor, existing data, and research studies, but not qualitative opinions.
    • In small organizations, line managers frequently handle personnel duties without a dedicated HR staff.
    • The two distinct functions carried out by human resource managers are line function and staff function.

    Training and Development

    • The first day of work for an employee at a software firm often includes a meeting covering company benefits, packages, personnel policies, and structure. This likely involves employee orientation.
    • A firms' employee orientation program aims to make new employees feel like part of the team, introduce them to the firm, and teach them about the firm’s history and strategies.
    • Employee orientation programs can be brief or lengthy, formal or informal introductions.
    • Hiring skilled employees may not completely eliminate the need for orientation and training.
    • Methods for teaching skills to employees are called training.
    • Training identifies the employees' training needs for future roles.
    • The first step in ADDIE training process is analyzing the training need.
    • Supervisors should provide feedback, training and incentives to resolve employee performance deficiencies.
    • Training sessions should be shorter (half a day or three-fourths) as opposed to full days to facilitate learning effectiveness.
    • Job instruction training is appropriate for jobs with logical step-by-step procedures.
    • The OJT process usually starts with familiarizing the individual with tools and equipment.
    • Formal interviews often involve careful preparation of questions to address candidate issues.
    • Employee orientation often encompasses programs about managing personnel policies and the firm itself.

    Personnel Planning and Recruitment

    • The first step in recruitment and selection processes is deciding what positions need to be filled in an organization.
    • Personnel planning, which involves deciding what positions need to be filled in an organization, should usually be completed before screening job candidates.
    • Determining how to fill executive positions in an organization entails succession planning.
    • Trend analysis, which is studying a company’s historical employment needs to forecast future needs, is helpful in predicting future employment needs.
    • Salespeople usually generate about $800,000 in sales per year.
    • Using ratio analysis helps estimate how many new salespeople may be required, according to the extra amount of sales a company aims to generate.
    • Determining which current employees are available for promotion or transfer is typically achieved by reviewing skills inventories.
    • Developing high-potential candidates for future roles often involves providing internal training, implementing job rotation, and offering global assignments.
    • Recruiting often involves choosing candidates from among inside candidates or external candidates.
    • Using inside candidates requires determining if potential candidates have relevant skills and qualifications.
    • Internal recruitment has a disadvantage in the potential loss of employees who do not get promoted.
    • Recruiting outside candidates could use newspaper ads, intranet job postings, employment agencies, or online job boards for dissemination.
    • The medium for job advertising is influenced most by skills needed for the job position.
    • Private employment agencies typically help companies fill specific job vacancies.
    • Using private employment agencies involves ensuring that agencies have the proper information about the job descriptions and using the agencies to post vacancies strategically.
    • Employees who work on a temporary basis, as needed, are often categorized as contingent workers.
    • Job posting involves notifying employees about current job openings within the organization.
    • Referrals from current employees sometimes result in quickly finding appropriate candidates.

    Performance Appraisal

    • Evaluating current and past performance against standards involves assessing performance.
    • Motivating employees involves using feedback during appraisal to eliminate performance gaps.
    • Appraising performance is essential for correcting work errors, assessing strategy maps, determining appropriate salary and bonuses, and promoting employees.
    • The primary responsibility for employee performance appraisals typically involves the employee's supervisor, not the company, human resources manager, or employees' subordinates .
    • Appraising employee performance can involve different techniques such as graphic rating scales.
    • Supervisors are responsible for providing positive feedback and other incentives to resolve employee deficiencies.

    Job Analysis and Talent Management Process

    • In a proper talent management system, performance appraisal should lead to training and development opportunities.
    • Effective talent management involves developing employee competencies aligned with organizational strategic goals.
    • Human resource specialists typically collect job descriptions, job specification, job analysis details, and work context to analyze jobs.
    • Deciding how to use the information from the job analysis begins a job analysis process.
    • Job analysis starts by deciding how that data will be utilized.
    • Job analysis involves identifying the responsibilities and details of a job description, and also requires determining what qualifications and skills are necessary to perform the job.
    • A combination of classroom instruction and experience determines what steps are necessary for development.
    • Creating a visual representation of the workflow procedures, such as a process chart, reveals how tasks should be combined.
    • A work team, that works on special projects and changes in roles and responsibilities is termed a Project Team.
    • A summary of the skills and necessary abilities for a job and the working conditions in a job are usually included in job specifications.
    • Conducting the job analysis is a key responsibility for a human resource specialist.

    Employee Testing and Selection

    • A reliable employment test usually produces consistent scores when a person takes the test in different circumstances.
    • Validity measures the accuracy of a test in relation to what it intends to measure.
    • Selection tests often complement interviews and background checks when evaluating applicants.
    • Motor ability assessment may be required from applicants for specific positions, like at UPS.
    • Tests measuring dexterity and reaction time can indicate an individual's interpersonal skills, cognitive skills, physical abilities or achievements.
    • The Big Five personality dimensions typically include neuroticism, optimism, extroversion, and conscientiousness.
    • The work sampling technique involves having candidates perform a job's tasks to assess their ability.
    • Conduct background checks to check information given by applicants.
    • Management assessment centers involve simulating job tasks and observing performance during multi-day simulations.

    Definition of Terms

    • Several terms relating to HRM were defined and described within the document. Terms included those involving different types of employment, training, and recruitment
    • These terms were related to evaluation methods, and other processes involved within human resource management.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key human resource theories essential for the Certified Human Resource Associate (CHRA) exam in 2024. Topics include various management functions, training and development, recruitment strategies, and performance appraisal methods. Prepare effectively with insights from the Human Resource Educators' Association of the Philippines.

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