Cholinergic Drugs (Parasympathetic)

A class of drugs that act as agonists at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). They mimic the actions of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system.

Receptors that are activated by acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system and are primarily found in smooth muscles, glands, and the heart.

Activation of M1 receptors in gastric parietal cells leads to increased gastric secretion and motility.

Activation of M2 receptors in the heart, pre-synaptic terminals, and sphincters leads respectively to myocardial suppression, inhibition of neurotransmitter release, and sphincter relaxation.

Activation of M3 receptors in sweat glands, smooth muscles of glands and viscera of the eye leads to increased secretions, bronchoconstriction, ciliary muscle contraction and decreased intraocular pressure.

The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft.

Drugs that block the action of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), leading to an accumulation of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses.

A reversible, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used to diagnose myasthenia gravis.

A direct-acting, muscarinic agonist used as an ophthalmic drug for the treatment of glaucoma.

Drugs that directly stimulate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which are primarily found at the neuromuscular junction and in autonomic ganglia.

A direct-acting, nicotinic agonist that stimulates both neuromuscular and autonomic ganglia receptors.

A fast-acting, depolarizing muscle relaxant used for short-term paralysis.

Receptors activated by acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, resulting in skeletal muscle contraction.

Receptors activated by acetylcholine in autonomic ganglia, facilitating neurotransmission.

Drugs that mimic the actions of acetylcholine by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft.

A type of drug that selectively activates alpha-1 receptors, causing vasoconstriction, leading to increased blood pressure and other effects.

A common example of an alpha-1 selective drug, used for nasal decongestion, treatment of rhinitis, and as a mydriatic agent.

A direct-acting sympathomimetic drug that stimulates both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors, leading to an increase in heart rate and contractility, but also some vasodilation.

A decrease in peripheral vascular resistance, which is the resistance to blood flow in the blood vessels.

A condition characterized by a rapid heart rate, often caused by excessive stimulation of beta-1 receptors.

A type of drug that directly stimulates adrenergic receptors, resulting in a variety of effects in the body.

A chemical messenger that activates adrenergic receptors, causing a cascading effect in the body.

A receptor that binds to adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), triggering a response within the body.

A class of receptors primarily found in the heart, kidneys, and other tissues. Stimulation of these receptors leads to increased heart rate and force of contraction.

A class of receptors found in various tissues like lungs, blood vessels, and the uterus. Their activation leads to bronchodilation, vasodilation, and relaxation of the uterus.

A class of receptors primarily found in the vascular smooth muscles of the skin and mucous membranes, the bladder, and the iris. Their activation leads to vasoconstriction and pupil dilation.

A class of receptors found at presynaptic nerve terminals, where they inhibit the release of neurotransmitters. They also play a role in the pancreas, inhibiting insulin release.

An adrenergic agonist that binds non-selectively to all adrenergic receptors, causing a wide range of effects on the body.

A naturally occurring hormone and neurotransmitter, released by the adrenal glands and sympathetic nerve terminals. It binds to both alpha and beta receptors, causing varied effects in the body.

A neurotransmitter released from sympathetic nerve terminals. It binds to alpha and beta receptors, especially β1, causing a wide range of effects in the body.

A neurotransmitter with diverse effects on the body, depending on the concentration. Low doses stimulate dopamine receptors (D1), while high doses stimulate beta-1 receptors (β1).

An enzyme that breaks down adrenaline and noradrenaline in the body, thus regulating their duration of action.

An enzyme involved in the breakdown of adrenaline and noradrenaline, contributing to the regulation of their effects in the body.

A clinical use of non-selective adrenergic agonists, often in a dental setting, to prolong the action of local anesthetics by causing local vasoconstriction.

A serious condition that can occur following a severe allergic reaction. Adrenaline is used as a treatment for this condition to help raise blood pressure and improve breathing.

A class of drugs that inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO), responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters like dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.

A type of MAOI that selectively inhibits MAO-B, an enzyme that primarily breaks down dopamine in the brain.

A drug that inhibits the enzyme COMT, which metabolizes catecholamines in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues.

Drugs that act on both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, leading to a variety of effects including vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, and bronchodilation.

Drugs that block alpha-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasodilation, decreased blood pressure, and various other effects depending on the specific receptor subtype.

A type of alpha blocker that blocks alpha-adrenergic receptors reversibly, meaning the effect is temporary.

A type of alpha blocker that blocks alpha-adrenergic receptors irreversibly, causing a prolonged effect.

Drugs that act on beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to increased heart rate, force of contraction, and bronchodilation.

A type of beta blocker that selectively blocks beta-1 receptors, which are primarily found in the heart.

A type of beta blocker that blocks both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors, which are found in the heart and lungs respectively.

A class of drugs used to treat malaria, known for their rapid action and effectiveness against Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest malaria parasite.

Selective alpha-1 blocker used to treat essential hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

A combination therapy used for malaria treatment, consisting of an artemisinin derivative (like artesunate) and a partner drug like mefloquine or lumefantrine, which helps prevent resistance.

An antimalaria drug, also known as pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine, used to treat malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, but not for prophylaxis.

Potent selective alpha-1 blocker preferred for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Drugs that interfere with bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome, preventing the creation of essential proteins for bacteria to survive.

A selective alpha-2 receptor blocker that can be used for erectile dysfunction and other conditions.

A class of drugs used against malaria, specifically targeting the erythrocytic and primary hepatic stages of the parasitic life cycle.

A potent antimalaria drug used for the radical cure and prevention of relapse in vivax and ovale malaria infections.

A non-selective beta blocker that acts on both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors, used for a variety of cardiovascular conditions.

A cardioselective beta blocker that primarily targets beta-1 receptors, minimizing effects on the lungs and bronchi.

Antimalarial drugs that primarily target the erythrocytic stage of the parasitic life cycle, aiming to prevent the parasite from multiplying within red blood cells.

A condition caused by the build-up of hemoglobin in the blood, often associated with malaria, as the parasite can damage red blood cells.

A cardioselective beta blocker with minimal risk of bronchospasm, used to treat hypertension and other cardiovascular conditions.

A beta blocker with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA), meaning it has some beta-agonist effects, making it suitable for patients who may experience bradycardia or bronchospasm with other beta blockers.

A drug used to treat malaria, exhibiting a relatively slow acting mechanism and effectiveness against all forms of malaria, but it takes some time to see its full effect.

A beta blocker with alpha-blocking activity, blocking both alpha-1 and beta receptors, used for hypertension and hypertensive emergencies.

A type of treatment used to prevent malaria infection, aiming to prevent the parasite from establishing itself in the body.

A parasite that causes malaria and is only present in blood.

Malarial parasites that can exist in both the blood and the liver.

Treatment of malaria that aims to relieve symptoms but does not eliminate the parasite.

Treatment of malaria aimed at completely eradicating the parasite from the body.

A common antimalarial drug that prevents the conversion of parasites to their reproductive stage.