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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Which of the following drugs is considered a pseudo irreversible non-competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase?
Which of the following drugs is considered a pseudo irreversible non-competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase?
- Neostigmine
- Distigmine
- Rivastigmine (correct)
- Pyridostigmine
Pyridostigmine is more effective than neostigmine in terms of duration of action.
Pyridostigmine is more effective than neostigmine in terms of duration of action.
False (B)
Which of the following best describes cholinergic agents?
Which of the following best describes cholinergic agents?
- They stimulate adrenergic receptors.
- They inhibit dopamine receptors.
- They exclusively act on nicotinic receptors.
- They produce effects similar to those of acetylcholine. (correct)
What is the role of acetylcholine esterase inhibitors?
What is the role of acetylcholine esterase inhibitors?
Cholinomimetics are agents that stimulate cholinergic receptors directly.
Cholinomimetics are agents that stimulate cholinergic receptors directly.
What is the half-life (T1/2) of Rivastigmine?
What is the half-life (T1/2) of Rivastigmine?
________ is an irreversible choline esterase inhibitor that forms a covalent bond with serine amino acid of acetylcholine.
________ is an irreversible choline esterase inhibitor that forms a covalent bond with serine amino acid of acetylcholine.
What is the primary use of Distigmine?
What is the primary use of Distigmine?
Cholinergic agents can be classified into two types: cholinomimetics and _____ inhibitors.
Cholinergic agents can be classified into two types: cholinomimetics and _____ inhibitors.
Match the following medications to their type of action:
Match the following medications to their type of action:
Match the agents to their respective effects:
Match the agents to their respective effects:
What is the mechanism of action for irreversible choline esterase inhibitors?
What is the mechanism of action for irreversible choline esterase inhibitors?
What type of effect does nicotine primarily produce?
What type of effect does nicotine primarily produce?
Name two types of cholinergic receptors.
Name two types of cholinergic receptors.
Acetylcholine and __________ are involved in the inhibitory interaction with Rivastigmine.
Acetylcholine and __________ are involved in the inhibitory interaction with Rivastigmine.
The muscarinic effect occurs at neuromuscular junctions.
The muscarinic effect occurs at neuromuscular junctions.
Which of the following is an example of an organophosphorus compound used as a chemical weapon?
Which of the following is an example of an organophosphorus compound used as a chemical weapon?
Malathion is primarily used as a chemical weapon.
Malathion is primarily used as a chemical weapon.
Atropine is the first anticholinergic agent to be identified.
Atropine is the first anticholinergic agent to be identified.
The antidote for organophosphate toxicity is _____ such as Pralidoxime.
The antidote for organophosphate toxicity is _____ such as Pralidoxime.
Match the following organophosphorus compounds with their uses:
Match the following organophosphorus compounds with their uses:
What mechanism do organophosphorus compounds use to affect the nervous system?
What mechanism do organophosphorus compounds use to affect the nervous system?
The antidote for organophosphate toxicity must be used after a significant delay to be effective.
The antidote for organophosphate toxicity must be used after a significant delay to be effective.
What happens to acetylcholine esterase when it binds with organophosphate compounds?
What happens to acetylcholine esterase when it binds with organophosphate compounds?
What is the primary role of anticholinergic agents?
What is the primary role of anticholinergic agents?
What is the main target of organophosphorus compounds in the body?
What is the main target of organophosphorus compounds in the body?
Name one of the earliest known sources of anticholinergic agents.
Name one of the earliest known sources of anticholinergic agents.
The structural requirement for antimuscarinic drugs includes a quaternary or at least ______ nitrogen.
The structural requirement for antimuscarinic drugs includes a quaternary or at least ______ nitrogen.
Which of the following is NOT an anticholinergic agent?
Which of the following is NOT an anticholinergic agent?
For maximal antagonist activity, R1 and R2 in antimuscarinic drugs should be two ring systems.
For maximal antagonist activity, R1 and R2 in antimuscarinic drugs should be two ring systems.
For optimal function, R3 in antimuscarinic drugs should be ______ or CH2OH.
For optimal function, R3 in antimuscarinic drugs should be ______ or CH2OH.
What is the primary use of Tolterodine?
What is the primary use of Tolterodine?
Tolterodine is a muscarinic agonist that causes contraction of bladder muscles.
Tolterodine is a muscarinic agonist that causes contraction of bladder muscles.
What is the maximum effect time for Tropicamide when used as eye drops?
What is the maximum effect time for Tropicamide when used as eye drops?
Ganglionic blockers are agents that block the action of __________ at autonomic ganglia.
Ganglionic blockers are agents that block the action of __________ at autonomic ganglia.
Match the following drugs with their primary usage:
Match the following drugs with their primary usage:
Which type of ganglionic blockers induce initial stimulation followed by blocking action?
Which type of ganglionic blockers induce initial stimulation followed by blocking action?
Non-depolarizing ganglionic blockers are selective and differentiate between sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia.
Non-depolarizing ganglionic blockers are selective and differentiate between sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia.
Tropicamide is an aromatic tertiary amine, partially ionized at __________ pH.
Tropicamide is an aromatic tertiary amine, partially ionized at __________ pH.
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Cholinergic Agents and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
- Pyridostigmine has a longer duration of action compared to neostigmine.
- Cholinergic agents are drugs that mimic or enhance the effects of acetylcholine.
- Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors block the breakdown of acetylcholine, increasing its concentration at the synapse.
- Cholinomimetics are agents that directly stimulate cholinergic receptors.
- The half-life (T1/2) of Rivastigmine is 1.5 hours.
- Distigmine is primarily used to treat myasthenia gravis.
- Cholinergic agents can be classified into two types: cholinomimetics and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
- Irreversible choline esterase inhibitors form a covalent bond with the serine amino acid of acetylcholine esterase, permanently inhibiting its activity.
- Nicotine primarily produces a stimulatory effect.
- There are two types of cholinergic receptors: muscarinic and nicotinic.
- Acetylcholine and Rivastigmine are involved in the inhibitory interaction with acetylcholine esterase.
- The muscarinic effect occurs at the autonomic nervous system, not neuromuscular junctions.
- Sarin is an example of an organophosphorus compound used as a chemical weapon.
- Malathion is primarily used as an insecticide, not a chemical weapon.
- Atropine is the first identified anticholinergic agent.
- The antidote for organophosphate toxicity is cholinesterase reactivators such as Pralidoxime.
- Organophosphorus compounds affect the nervous system by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase.
- Acetylcholinesterase is irreversibly inhibited when it binds with organophosphorus compounds.
- Anticholinergic agents block the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors.
- Acetylcholinesterase is the primary target of organophosphorus compounds in the body.
- Deadly Nightshade (Atropa belladonna) is one of the earliest known sources of anticholinergic agents.
- The structural requirement for antimuscarinic drugs includes a quaternary or at least tertiary nitrogen.
- Propanolol is not an anticholinergic agent.
- For maximal antagonist activity, R1 and R2 in antimuscarinic drugs should be two ring systems.
- For optimal function, R3 in antimuscarinic drugs should be H or CH2OH.
- Tolterodine is primarily used to treat overactive bladder.
- Tolterodine is a muscarinic antagonist, not an agonist.
- The maximum effect time for Tropicamide when used as eye drops is 6-8 hours.
- Ganglionic blockers are agents that block the action of acetylcholine at autonomic ganglia.
- Nicotine, hexamethonium, mecamylamine are ganglionic blockers.
- Nicotine induces initial stimulation followed by blocking action.
- Non-depolarizing ganglionic blockers are not selective and affect both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia.
- Tropicamide is an aromatic tertiary amine, partially ionized at alkaline pH.
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