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Questions and Answers
What is recommended for patients before measuring lipoproteins?
What is recommended for patients before measuring lipoproteins?
- Maintaining their usual diet for 2 weeks without gaining or losing weight (correct)
- Engaging in strenuous exercise for 1 week
- Following a very low-fat diet for 1 week
- Fasting for 24 hours
Why should lipoproteins measurement be delayed after child birth?
Why should lipoproteins measurement be delayed after child birth?
- Because of the recovery period
- To minimize the effect of childbirth on lipoprotein levels (correct)
- Because of hormonal changes
- Because of changes in diet
What is true about season and cholesterol levels?
What is true about season and cholesterol levels?
- Cholesterol levels are slightly higher in cold periods (correct)
- Cholesterol levels decrease in cold periods
- Cholesterol levels increase in warm periods
- Cholesterol levels remain constant throughout the year
What is the product of the Lierbermann-Burchardt Reaction?
What is the product of the Lierbermann-Burchardt Reaction?
How long should lipoproteins measurement be delayed after acute illness?
How long should lipoproteins measurement be delayed after acute illness?
What is the primary cause of Arteriosclerosis?
What is the primary cause of Arteriosclerosis?
What is the primary characteristic of Familial Hypercholesterolemia?
What is the primary characteristic of Familial Hypercholesterolemia?
What is a factor that increases cholesterol levels?
What is a factor that increases cholesterol levels?
What is a lifestyle factor that increases cholesterol levels?
What is a lifestyle factor that increases cholesterol levels?
Which method is used to extract cholesterol in the Bloors Method?
Which method is used to extract cholesterol in the Bloors Method?
What is the enzymatic method used to measure cholesterol?
What is the enzymatic method used to measure cholesterol?
What is the term for elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood?
What is the term for elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood?
What is the preferred sample for lipid tests?
What is the preferred sample for lipid tests?
What is the required fasting period for a fasting lipid test?
What is the required fasting period for a fasting lipid test?
What is the name of the enzyme that serves as a good marker of extra hepatobiliary disorders?
What is the name of the enzyme that serves as a good marker of extra hepatobiliary disorders?
What is the component of cell membranes and a precursor for steroid hormones and bile acids synthesized by body cells?
What is the component of cell membranes and a precursor for steroid hormones and bile acids synthesized by body cells?
What is the recommended dilution ratio for samples exceeding the measuring range?
What is the recommended dilution ratio for samples exceeding the measuring range?
In which condition are ALP levels physiologically increased?
In which condition are ALP levels physiologically increased?
What is the purpose of centrifugation at 4000 r.p.m. for 20 minutes?
What is the purpose of centrifugation at 4000 r.p.m. for 20 minutes?
What is the term for the complexes between lipids and apolipoproteins?
What is the term for the complexes between lipids and apolipoproteins?
What are the five major classes of lipoproteins?
What are the five major classes of lipoproteins?
What is the unit of measurement for HDLc concentration in the sample?
What is the unit of measurement for HDLc concentration in the sample?
What is the term for the elevation in the test that would most likely suggest cholestasis?
What is the term for the elevation in the test that would most likely suggest cholestasis?
What is the recommended incubation period at room temperature?
What is the recommended incubation period at room temperature?
What is the limit of detection for triglycerides in this assay?
What is the limit of detection for triglycerides in this assay?
What is the wavelength used for calculating HDLc concentration?
What is the wavelength used for calculating HDLc concentration?
What is the recommended centrifugation speed for 2 minutes?
What is the recommended centrifugation speed for 2 minutes?
What is the purpose of adding R (Precipitating Reagent)?
What is the purpose of adding R (Precipitating Reagent)?
What is the unit conversion factor to convert mg/dL to mmol/L?
What is the unit conversion factor to convert mg/dL to mmol/L?
What is the borderline high risk range for cholesterol levels in mmol/L?
What is the borderline high risk range for cholesterol levels in mmol/L?
What is the lower limit of detection for the cholesterol test in mg/dL?
What is the lower limit of detection for the cholesterol test in mg/dL?
What is the composition of the NaCl solution used for dilution in the cholesterol test?
What is the composition of the NaCl solution used for dilution in the cholesterol test?
What is the consequence of a severe increase in Triglyceride levels?
What is the consequence of a severe increase in Triglyceride levels?
What is the concentration of Good's Buffer in the reagent composition?
What is the concentration of Good's Buffer in the reagent composition?
What is the effect of a combination of genetic factors and increased production of Triglycerides?
What is the effect of a combination of genetic factors and increased production of Triglycerides?
What is the concentration of ATP in the reagent composition?
What is the concentration of ATP in the reagent composition?
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Study Notes
Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Cholesterol levels are slightly higher in cold periods.
- Factors affecting cholesterol levels:
- Food intake: daily intake of fat increases cholesterol levels.
- Acute illness: lipoprotein measurement should be made no sooner than 8 weeks after any form of trauma or acute bacterial/viral infection, and 3-4 months after childbirth.
- Life-style: higher in sedentary and poor diet habits.
- Measurement of cholesterol:
- L-B reaction: cholesterol + sulfuric acid + acetic anhydride = bluish green solution.
- Liebermann-Burchardt Reaction.
- Enzymatic method: cholesteryl oxidase.
- Bloors Method: 2-step principle, extracting cholesterol using an alcohol ether mixture.
Lipoprotein Physiology and Metabolism
- Arteriosclerosis: deposition of esterified cholesterol in artery walls, leading to CAD, PVD, and CVD.
- Dyslipidemia:
- Hypolipoproteinemia
- Hyperlipoproteinemia
- Hypercholesterolemia
- Hypertriglyceridemia
- Combined hyperlipidemia
- Familial hypercholesterolemia: elevated cholesterol associated with increased LDL due to genetic abnormalities.
Specimen Collection and Cholesterol Determination
- Serum is the preferred sample, which can be tested in a non-fasting or fasting state.
- Fasting lipid test requires a 12-hour fast, except for water.
- Cholesterol is a component of cell membranes and a precursor for steroid hormones and bile acids.
- Cholesterol is transported in plasma via lipoproteins.
Computation and Unit Conversion
- Conversion: mg/dL x 0.02586 = mmol/L
- Reference range:
- Desirable: ≤ 200 mg/dL (5.2 mmol/L)
- Borderline high risk: 200-240 mg/dL (5.2-6.2 mmol/L)
- High risk: > 240 mg/dL (> 6.2 mmol/L)
Triglyceride Determination
- Elevated triglyceride levels increase the risk of pancreatitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
- Factors affecting triglyceride levels:
- Genetic factors
- Increased production and/or impaired clearance of triglycerides
- Measurement of triglycerides:
- Enzymatic method
- Reference range:
- Desirable (fasting): < 200 mg/dL (< 2.3 mmol/L)
- Borderline high: 200-400 mg/dL (2.3-4.5 mmol/L)
- Elevated: > 400 mg/dL (> 4.5 mmol/L)
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